الفهرس 
الإستعراض المرجعى والإطار النظرىيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
SUMMARYGrain crops are of high nutritional and economic importance in achieving Egyptian food security. They are crops that influence political decisions and account for about 60% of the supply allocation. The most important of these crops are (rice and wheat). Rice is considered one of the most important export crops at the level of the Republic. Rice occupies It has a leading position in the list of necessary food crops, on which the majority of the Egyptian people depend for their food. This crop still achieves a surplus that is directed to export after meeting the requirements of local consumption. Wheat is also considered one of the most important food crops in Egypt. Bread is made from it, which is a basic daily food for the majority of the population. Wheat is considered the first strategic crop in Egypt, and Egypt is one of the largest wheat importing countries in the world due to the inability of local production to meet the increasing local needs.The problem of the study is that both rice and wheat are important strategic crops because of the importance they represent in the lives of both humans and animals in Egypt. In light of the limited agricultural productive resources available to the state, whether land or water, and thus decreasing rates of self-sufficiency from an import crop such as wheat, and a decrease in export revenues from an export crop such as rice. Which places a heavy burden on the national economy. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on biotechnology, most importantly, improved varieties (seeds), and determine the extent of its use in raising the efficiency of using resources in the cultivation of grain crops as one of the methods of vertical agricultural development.In general, the study aimed to study the impact of modern technological progress, especially biotechnology (modern varieties), on the development and development of the agricultural economy in the Sharkia Governorate by increasing and improving production in quantity and quality, which results in an increase in national agricultural income, especially with regard to strategic grains (rice and wheat) in the governorate, in an attempt to Addressing the problem of increasing the nutritional gap between production and consumption of the wheat crop and working to reduce that gap to less than what is possible and rationalizing the use of the water resource with respect to the rice crop. This is done by planting short-lived varieties, working to develop high-yielding varieties, and working to maintain the soil and improve its properties. To achieve this, a number of sub-objectives will be studied, namely: studying the development of area, production, and productivity of the crops (wheat and rice).In Sharkia and Al-Jumhuriya Governorate, studying the economic efficiency of modern varieties compared to traditional varieties of crops (wheat and rice), and studying the econometric analysis of production cost functions for crop varieties (rice and wheat) in the study sample.The study relied on two types of data: the first is secondary data for a time series during the period (2000-2022), which is prepared and published by many official bodies such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, through the Economic Affairs Sector, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, the Directorate of Agriculture in Sharqia, the Institute Library. Agricultural Economics Research, Central Administration of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Economics Bulletin, and the second is preliminary data for a field study by creating a questionnaire form for farmers collected from farmers of wheat and rice crops in Sharkia Governorate for the agricultural season 2021/2022. Descriptive and quantitative analysis methods were used, represented by means, percentages, standard deviation, and general time trend equations in their linear form to derive the annual rate of change for variables related to the crops (rice and wheat), economic efficiency indicators, the t-test, the cost function, and technical efficiency.To achieve the objectives of the study, the thesis was divided into four main chapters, in addition to the introduction, in addition to the summary in Arabic and English, in addition to the appendices and references. The first chapter included two chapters. The first chapter included a reference review, the second chapter on the theoretical framework, and the second chapter, entitled Economic and Productivity Indicators for Rice and Wheat Crops. The Republic level: The first chapter includes economic and productivity indicators for the rice crop at the Republic level, and the second chapter covers economic and productivity indicators for the wheat crop at the Republic level.The third chapter is entitled Productivity Indicators for Rice and Wheat Crops in the Sharkia Governorate, and the fourth chapter is entitled Statistical Estimation of Production and Cost Functions for the Rice and Wheat Crops in the Sharkia Governorate. It includes three chapters. The first chapter includes a description of the field study sample, the second chapter covers the statistical estimation of production and cost functions for the rice crop in the Sharkia Governorate. Al-Sharqiya, Chapter Three, on the statistical estimation of production and cost functions for the wheat crop in Al-Sharqiya Governorate.