الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a frequent age-related disorder characterized by a systemic impairment of bone mass and of the microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures (Rachner et al., 2011). According to cellular pathophysiology, osteoporosis is caused by an excess of osteoclast activity compared to osteoblast activity (Pietschmann et al., 2009). Despite this common pathogenic mechanism, osteoporosis is a heterogeneous illness; determinants of bone strength include bone mineral density (BMD), bone geometry, the microstructure of bone, bone mineralization, and properties of the bone matrix (Pietschmann et al., 2016).
Vijayakumar and Büsselberg, (2016) reported that osteoporosis is a serious health problem that affects around two hundred million individuals globally. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Egypt has been rated at 28.4% in women and 21.9% in men, whereas 53.9% of women and 26% of men had osteopenia (El Miedany et al., 2021). In rural areas of Upper Egypt, the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was even higher reaching up to 47.8%. Such high incidence highlights the magnitude of the problem in terms of public health and the importance of having up-to-date guidelines for managing osteoporosis in Egypt (Gheita and Hammam, 2018).