الفهرس 
الفصل الأول المقدمة ومشكلة البحثيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
 |  | from | 169 |  |  |
| | | from | 169 | | |
المستخلص
”Introduction and research problem:Sport in our world today is no longer confined to athletes only, but sport has become a duty for every member of society and a vital part of his life.Scientific research in the field of sports still presents the basic rules for achieving high and standard achievements based on scientific facts that have become indisputable. or gaining functional fitness for the ability to perform during daily chores.The practice of physical activities has a significant impact on the hormonal system, as the change in the proportions of some hormones in the body begins from the first minutes of exercise, so the level of cortisol in the blood increases and endorphins are secreted, and changes occur in the thyroid hormones according to the intensity of the activity. The secretions of the thyroid gland are very important during exercise. To raise the level of basal heat exchange and energy production and use during the practiced activity. Muhammad Shehata (2008) indicates that interest in aerobic training has become an important part of the general development of human civilization. Citizens of developed countries enjoy a variety of aerobic training programs, which can be implemented in the streets, public parks, and even inside clubs and homes. Brent Agin, MD, and Sharon Perkins, RN (2007) states that aerobic exercise is any activity that increases the amount of oxygen consumed, causing the exerciser to breathe faster and his heart to beat faster. And that aerobic activity is that type of exercise that lasts for a long time and has a low intensity. The thyroid gland consists of two lobes on both sides of the trachea that are connected to each other by what is called the isthmus. The length of each lobe is 5 cm, its width is 3 cm, and its thickness is 2 cm. The height of the isthmus is 1.25 cm. It is located on the front surface of the trachea. The adult weighs 25-30 gm and differs from one person to another according to age and thyroid gland. Women are slightly heavier in weight than men, especially during puberty and the harm of milk and pregnancy.The thyroid gland secretes two hormones, T3 and T4, which cause sustained activity that all tissues need to perform their normal functions by increasing the rate of oxygen uptake. Thyroid hormones are very important, as they are essential for regulating the process of development, especially in the central nervous system, generating heat and metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.The main thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is the T4 hormone, and the thyroid gland also makes the T3 hormone, but with a small amount of T4, but most of the T3 in the body comes from the conversion of T4 to T3 outside the thyroid gland. The production of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced in the pituitary gland. T4 thyroid hormone contains four iodine atoms and is converted to T3 by removing the iodine atom. This mainly occurs in the liver. The amount of T4 that the thyroid gland produces is controlled by TSH. The amount of TSH that the pituitary gland sends into the bloodstream depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary gland sees. If the pituitary gland sees too little T4, it produces more TSH to force the thyroid gland to produce more T4. Once the T4 exceeds a certain level in the body, the pituitary gland stops producing TSH. In fact, the thyroid gland and the pituitary gland work in several ways, such as the heater and the thermostat. When the heater is turned off and it swims cold, the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. When the temperature rises to an appropriate level, the thermostat senses and the heater stops. Thyroid hormone plays an important role in the pace of many processes in the body. These processes are called metabolism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (nervousness, irritability, increased sweating, rapid heartbeat, hand tremors, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, skin thinning, muscle weakness especially of the arms and thighs, you may have more frequent bowel movements but diarrhea is uncommon). You may lose weight despite your good appetite, and for women, your menstrual flow may become lighter and your periods may decrease. Since hyperthyroidism increases your metabolism, many obese individuals have a lot of energy and as hyperthyroidism continues the gym tends to crash so feeling tired is very common.Hyperthyroidism usually starts slowly, but in some young patients these changes can be very sudden.The most common cause for more than 70% of people is hyperproduction of thyroid hormone. This condition is also known as Graves’ disease. Graves’ disease is caused by antibodies in the blood that activate the thyroid gland and cause its growth and secretion of too much thyroid hormone. This type of hyperthyroidism tends to run in families and occurs more often in young women. Another type of hyperthyroidism is characterized by the presence of one or more nodules or bumps in the thyroid gland, which gradually grows and increases its activity so that the total production of thyroid hormone in the blood is more than normal.This condition is known as toxic nodular or multinodular goiter. Also, people may temporarily experience symptoms of hyperthyroidism if they have a condition called thyroiditis. This condition is caused by an immune system problem or a viral infection that causes a leak of stored thyroid hormone. The same symptoms can also occur due to taking too many thyroid hormone tablets..Based on the above and through the researchers’ readings and observations and through the reference survey of the multiple databases, both paper and electronic, and by using various research methods, including accessDirect and browsing through the international information network (Internet) for published research and studies, especially in the field of weight loss, body mass components, thyroid hormones, and aerobic exercise, such as the study of Baghdadi Sayed Hassan (2014 AD), Mitsurumsky et al. (2019 AD), Alizada and others (2017 AD), Khalil Rabie Hassan (2014 AD), which prompted the researcher to design a morning and evening aerobic exercise program on the levels of thyroid hormones and some components of body mass among obese patients.Search goal:The research aims to design a morning and evening aerobic exercise program and to know its effect on:1- Hormone thyroxin T42- The hormone iodothyronine T33- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).4- Components of body massResearch hypotheses:1 - There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of the morning training group in the concentration level of , iodothyronine, TSH and body mass components in favor of the post measurement of the morning training group.2- There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of the evening training group in the concentration level of thyroxine, iodothyronine, TSH and body mass components in favor of the post measurement of the evening training group.3- There are differences in the percentage of improvement between the two post-standards of the evening and morning training groups in the variables under study in favor of the morning training group.Research Methodology:The researcher used the experimental approach using the experimental design of two experimental groups, a morning group and an evening group, due to its suitability to the nature of this research.The research sample: The research sample was chosen by the intentional method of a sample of 16 individuals with laziness in the secretion of thyroid hormones and obesity, and they were divided into two equal groups, each of 8 individuals, one for morning training and the second for evening training.Conditions and reasons for selecting the sample:1- To be among those with sluggishness in the levels of thyroid hormones and those with obesity in Dakahlia Governorate.2- They are willing to participate in the training program me.3- The average age should be between 35 and 50 years.4- They must attend the program regularly.Measuring devices and tools in the search: Coordination was made with a medical laboratory to take samples from the research sample. Coordination was made with the Life Gym Center to implement the aerobic exercise program used in the research.1- medical Cotten.2- White alcohol.3- 5 cm plastic syringes for one-time use only.4- Test tubes containing (Edita) to prevent blood clotting.5- Measuring tape to measure height in centimeters6- Weight scale7- Coleman’s blood preservation and transfusion.8- The device of the components of the body.Aerobic program: Program objective:The aerobic exercise program aims to improve the components of body mass as well as improve the levels of thyroid hormones in the research sample. Aerobic exercise: The researcher took into account the general rules, foundations and progress of pregnancy components for aerobic exercise to achieve its objectives as follows:1- Ensure proper aerobic exercise.2- Observance of the principle of gradation from easy to difficult and from simple to complex.3- To perform the exercises slowly and with high concentration.4- That the exercises achieve the goal for which they were set.5- Observing the safety and security factors during the implementation of the exercises.6- Availability of appropriate capabilities and tools for the program7- The program should take into account the individual differences among the research sample.The content of the aerobic exercise program in question:The aerobic exercise program was selected and built after consulting the experts, in proportion to the sample under study and the capabilities available to make it in its final form.The duration of the aerobic exercise program:Through a reference survey of specialized references in aerobic exercise and a poll of experts, the foundations of the program were laid as follows:1- The application time of the program is 8 weeks.2- The number of units per week is 3 units.3- The number of units in the program is 24 units.4- The training unit time is 45 minutes.Suggested aerobic exercise program: The researcher rationed the proposed aerobic exercise program, where the degree of load was graded using the heart rate, using less than average load, medium load, and less than maximum load.Exploratory study: The researcher conducted the exploratory study in the time period from 10/3/2021 AD to 10/7/2021 AD on a sample from within the research community and outside the basic research sample.This study was conducted on a sample similar to the research community and from outside the sample, and it consisted of (4) patients with hypothyroidism, on Sunday corresponding to 10/3/2021 AD until Thursday corresponding to 10/7/2021 AD.This study targeted:1- Ensure the validity of the tools and devices used in the research procedures.2- Knowing the correct way to make measurements in practice.3- Ensuring the efficiency of the helping hands and training them on the accuracy of registration.4- Discovering deficiencies in devices and tools and trying to avoid them.5- Determine the time taken for each test.The results of the survey revealed:1- Determine the validity of measuring tools and devices.2- Determine the efficiency of the helping hands of the assistants.3- Determine the measurement locations and sample collection locations.Basic study and program evaluation: After obtaining approvals from the research sample to conduct the necessary measurements in the research and to participate in the proposed program, the researcher did the following: Tribal measurements: The researcher conducted tribal measurements of the experimental groups in the variables under study on 10/18/2021 AD for all sample members under the same conditions and in the same way.It included the following measurements:1- Measure length using a tape measure.2- Measuring weight and body components using the body components device.3- Measuring the levels of thyroid hormones by taking a blood sample, analyzing it, and extracting the results.Software application:The aerobic exercise program included (24) units, the time of each unit was (45) minutes: at the rate of (3) units per week, and the aerobic exercise program was applied to the two experimental groups in the period from 10/19/2021 to 12/19/2021 AD.Dimensional measurements:The researcher conducted dimensional measurements on the research sample on 12/20/2021 AD after completing the application of the aerobic exercise program, according to what was done before the application of the program, taking into account the following during application:1- Measurements should be taken for all sample members in a uniform manner.2- Use the same measurement tools for all sample members.3- Perform the measurement in the same order in which the pre-measurement was taken.3/8 statistical treatments:In the statistical treatments of the data in this study, the researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version (25), with the help of the following parameters:1- The arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation, and skewness.2- The ””Wilcocoson”” test for the significance of differences between two small linked groups.3- Mann-Whitney test for the significance of differences between two independent, unrelated, small groups4- Effect Size:a. For nonparametric coefficients: eta square (²η).B. In the case of (Wilcoxon): the binary correlation coefficient of the ranks of related pairs (rprb).c. In the case of Mann and Whitney: the rank binary correlation coefficient (rpb),5- Change RatioThe improvement rate = post-measurement - pre-measurement x 100Pre-measurementConclusions: In the light of the research objectives and results, within the limits of the research sample, its characteristics, and the available capabilities of the tools used, and after presenting and interpreting the results, the researcher was able to reach the following conclusions:a. The aerobic exercise program had a positive effect on the levels of thyroid hormones and components of body mass, as well as weight loss in the research sample.b. The morning experimental group achieved an improvement rate in the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH - T4 - T3), where the highest percentage of improvement was for the TSH variable, the thyroid stimulating hormone, as the percentage of improvement reached (45.81).c. The morning experimental group also achieved an improvement rate in the body mass components variables (SM - BMC - VFI - BMR - FM - BMI - TBW - FFM - TBF -FFMI), where the highest percentage of improvement was in the muscle fat percentage variable, as the percentage of improvement reached (51.42).d. The evening experimental group achieved an improvement rate in the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH - T4 - T3), where the highest percentage of improvement was for the TSH variable, the thyroid stimulating hormone, as the percentage of improvement reached (22.12).e. The evening experimental group also achieved an improvement rate in the body mass components variables (SM - BMC - VFI - BMR - FM - BMI - TBW - FFM - TBF -FFMI), where the highest improvement rate was in the Ratio of fat to SM variable, the percentage of fat in muscles. where the percentage of improvement reached (45.54).2/5 Recommendations: In the light of the research objectives and hypotheses and within the limits of the sample description and the statistical treatments used and through the results of the experiment and its discussion and conclusions, the researcher can recommend the following:a. The use of aerobic exercise on patients with inactive thyroid gland, because of its significant effect on improving the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH - T4 - T3).b. The use of aerobic exercises on patients with underactive thyroid gland because of its significant impact on improving the components of body mass (SM - BMC - VFI - BMR - FM - BMI - TBW - FFM - TBF - FFMI).c. The use of aerobic exercises with and without tools for obese individuals, the elderly, and patients with thyroid gland, as it has a positive effect on these individuals and improves their health status.d. Doing more research in aerobic exercise, due to its contribution to improving the components of body mass and improving the health fitness of individuals.e. The need for state institutions and the media to pay attention to the importance of aerobic exercise because of its impact on the general health of society at all levels and individuals.”