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العنوان
Studies on the response of some salt tolerant crops to salinity of soils and underground irrigation water in El-Kharga, New Valley governorate /
المؤلف
Ahmed, Ahmed Talaat Sayed.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / احمد طلعت سيد احمد
مشرف / حسانين جمعه حسانين
مناقش / محيى الدين احمد محمد ابو شلبيه
مناقش / احمد غلاب محمد الراهيم
الموضوع
Agricultural crops.
تاريخ النشر
2017.
عدد الصفحات
159 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
الدكتوراه
التخصص
علوم التربة
الناشر
تاريخ الإجازة
28/11/2017
مكان الإجازة
جامعة أسيوط - كلية الزراعة - الاراضى و المياه
الفهرس
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Abstract

Considerable area of El-Kharga Oasis suffers from soil salinity either due to the shale composition of the soil or to the source of irrigation water. Some farmers used to dig deep holes of 15-30 m depth to collect drainage water coming from the neighboring areas and use this water for irrigation. Salinity of the water of these areas varied considerably from less than 2.0 dS/m up to more than 12.0 dS/m. The study locations areas have three water irrigation different in salinity from Loc.1, Loc.2 and Loc.3 with water salinity of 2.0, 5.2 and 10.7 dS/m, respectively. One best management to cultivate these areas is to select crop genotypes tolerant to salinity of soils or irrigation water. In this study some crop genotypes were selected to evaluate its tolerance to different levels of soil and water salinity in three villages of El-Kharga Oasis, New Valley governorate during the period of 2012/2014. Tested crops included four wheat varieties (Sakha 93, Okas, variety 6 and variety 14), Pearl millet (Shandweel 1 cult.) and Sorghum (Dorado cult.) Growth and yield of these genotypes were used to evaluate its tolerance to salinity under the prevailing conditions of El-Kharga Oasis. The role of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizers on alleviating the effect of salinity on these crops was also evaluated in this study. The selected wheat genotypes were cultivated in the winter season of 2012 and 2013 in three locations with different levels of soil and water salinity. Two forage crops were cultivated in the summer season of 2013 and 2014 in the same selected locations. These crops are Pearl Millet (Shandweel 1) and Sorghum (Dorado) Three new wheat varieties selected by the genetic Dept. faculty of Agric. Assiut Univ. including Okas, variety 6 and variety 14 beside the local variety Sakha 93 were used in this experiment. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design, with three replicates. The main plots were assigned to the two nitrogen levels: 100% and 125% of the recommended rate (120 kg N/fed), the sub plots were subjected to the two levels of potassium 100% and 125% of the recommended rate (50 kg K2O/fed), the sub-sub plots were subjected to the four wheat genotypes. Area of each plot was 3x3.5 m (1/400 feddan). Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were sown at 26th of November 2012 and 23rd of November 2013 and harvested at 17 of May 2013 and 15 of May 2014, respectively. Nitrogen was added as ammonium nitrate (33%N); nitrogen rate was split into four doses: the first dose (20%) was added at sowing, the second dose (50%) was added at first irrigation, the third dose (20%) was added at 45days from sowing and the last dose of N (10%) was added at 55 days from sowing. Meanwhile potassium fertilizer was applied as potassium sulphate (48% K2O) and phosphorus fertilizer as supper phosphate (15.5% P2O5). Both were added in one dose at sowing. Plant samples were taken randomly from ¼ m2 of each plot after 60 days of sowing. Shoot fresh weights were immediately determined, then plants were washed with tap water, followed by distilled water and dried at 70 oC for 48 hrs. and there dry weight were determined, these procedure is repeated at 75 days after sowing. Concentration of N, K and Na (%) were determined in the samples. Number of tillers per plant and plant height were measured. At harvesting, plants of quarter square meter from each plot were collected and number of spikes/m2 was recorded. Twenty spikes were randomly taken from each plot to determine the spike length (cm), plant height, number of spikelets /spike, number of grains /spike, 1000-grains weight (g.). The plants of each plot were harvested and the following characters were determined: - 1- Grains and straw yields in tons/ feddan 2- Harvest index, was calculated from the following formula: Harvest index = Grain Yield / Grain Yield + Straw Yield The samples were separated into grains and straw and the air-dry weights of grains and straw were recorded. The 2nd experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of two summer forage crops to salinity. The first crop was Pearl Millet Pennisetum americanum (Shandweel 1), while the second crop was Sorghum bicolor (Dorado). Both experiments were conducted in a split-plot design, with three replicates. The area of each plot was 3x3.5 m (1/400 feddan) and seeds of Pearl Millet and Sorghum were sown at 20th June 2013 and 16th June 2014. Both crops are different in the number of cutting; the Sorghum has one cut only at 60 days after sowing while the Pearl Millet has three cuts, the first cut at 55 days after sowing, while the second cut was after 30 days from the first cut and the last one was after 30 days from the second cut. The main plots were assigned to the two nitrogen levels: 100% and 125% of the recommended rate (120 kg N/fed), and the sub plots were subjected to the two levels of potassium 100% and 125% of the recommended rate (50 kg K2O/fed). Plant samples were taken randomly from ¼ m2 of each plot from both crops. Before each Millet cut; plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant and (flag leaf area, Owen 1968) were measured, shoot fresh weights were immediately determined, and oven dried at 70 oC for 48 hrs. then dry weight were determined and dry matter was calculated from the following formula: Dry matter % = (dry weight/fresh weight)*100. Each plot was cut and the green yield was determined in tons/feddan for each cuts. Sorghum, plant samples were taken from each plot with the same area of Millet; plant height, shoot fresh weights were immediately determined, and oven dried at 70 oC for 48 hrs. then dry weight were determined and dry matter was calculated. Each plot was cut and the green yield was determined in tons/feddan. 1.1. Effect of salinity of irrigation water on yield and yield components of wheat: Fresh shoots weight of wheat at 60 and 75 days decreased significantly with increasing water salinity from Loc 1 to Loc 3, while the medium salinity of Loc 2 showed no significant decrease of fresh weight at 60 days and a significant decrease at 75 days. The relative decrease was about 23.59% and 14.04% at 60 days and 28.15% & 24.63% at 75 days of the mean value for high saline and medium saline water, respectively as compared with the lowest water salinity of Loc 1. The dry weight of plant shoots showed significant decreases in both two locations and at two stages of growth with relative decreases of 34.04% & 20.65% and 33.55 & 20.73% at 60 and 75 days of the mean value for high saline and medium saline water, respectively as compared with the lowest water salinity of Loc 1. With regard to the effect of water salinity on number of spikes m-2, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, number of tillers plant-1, 1000 Grain weight (g), spike length (cm), flag leaf area (cm2), plant height (cm) and harvest index (Hi) the results showed there were highly significant decreases with increasing water salinity during the two growth seasons. Grain yield of wheat was decreased significantly with increasing water salinity. The data recorded a decrease in grain yield by about 47.44% and 6.15% of the mean value for high and medium saline water as compared with Loc1 of low water salinity. The mean values recorded a decrease of straw and biological yield by 22.35% & 4.93% and 32.83% &5.47%, respectively due to increasing water salinity under medium saline water and high saline water, respectively as compared to the lowest water salinity of Loc 1. With increasing water salinity, the Na content was increased significantly and K and N content were decreased significantly. 1.2. Local variety and the experimental genotypes: The genotypes (6, 14 and Okas) had more grain yield than the local variety (sakha 93) with significant values, and the relative increases were about 26.93%, 25.96% and 17.49 respectively as compared with the local variety. On the other hand the cultivar (6) has recorded the lowest increase in the straw yield, while the (Okas) was the highest straw yield and the (14) was the medium as compared with the local variety. The relative increases in straw yield were 4.93%, 17.98% and 14.75% respectively. The interaction between genotypes (G) and location water salinity (S) on the grain yield recorded highest mean values of 16.438, 15.213 and 8.649 ardb.fed-1 by genotype (6) for 2.0, 5.2 and 10.7 dS/m of irrigation water of loc1, loc2 and loc3 in two growth seasons (2012/2013 & 2013/2014) respectively. The cultivar (6) showed the highest value in all yield components, while the (Okas) has recorded the lowest value as compared with local variety (Sakha 93) The lowest value of Na and highest value of N contents was found in genotype (6) and the highest value of K content was found in genotype (14). K/Na ratio showed the highest value with genotype (6). 1.3. Yield and yield components as affected by nitrogen fertilization: With regard to the effect of nitrogen fertilization on number of spikes m-2, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, number of tillers plant-1, 1000 Grain weight (g), spike length (cm), plant height (cm) and flag leaf area (cm2), the results showed highly significant increases with increasing nitrogen fertilization up to 140kg/Fed. during the two growth seasons. Grain yield of wheat was significantly increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two seasons of the study. The mean values recorded increases by about 4.56% with N125% as compared to N100% application. Straw yield of wheat was significantly increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization. The mean values recorded increases by about 5.09% with N125% as compared to N100% application. Interaction effects was not significant in the grain, biological and straw yield of wheat during the two growing seasons due to the interaction between genotypes (G), water salinity of locations (S) and nitrogen levels (NxS), (NxG) and (NxSxG). The K, N and K/Na contents showed significant increases with increasing N application, while the Na content showed significant decreases with increasing N application. 1.3. Wheat yield and yield components as affected by potassium fertilization: Grain, biological, straw and all yield parameters except K content, number of spikes m-2 and flag leaf area (cm2), had recorded decreases with increasing K application from K100% to K125%. This behavior can be attributed to the nutrient imbalance caused by excess of potassium and antagonistic effect of K+ on Ca2+ or Ca2 + Mg2+ on growth and yield parameters. Nitrogen and potassium interaction has the most significant effect behavior between the other interactions. 2.1. Effect of salinity of irrigation water on Pearl Millet: Plant height (cm) of millet was decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative decreases by about 13.14% of Loc2 and 77.19% of Loc3 as compared with first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. Number of tillers of millet plants showed significant decrease with increasing irrigation water salinity during the two growing seasons. The mean values recorded relative decreases by about 21.15% of Loc2 and 80.98% of Loc3 as compared to dry yield of first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. Flag leaf area (cm2) of millet was decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative decrease by about 11.39% of Loc2 and 81.44% of Loc3 as compared to the dry yield of the first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. Number of cuts of green yield was decreased significantly with increasing water salinity during the two seasons. The third location (Loc3) of high water salinity (10.70dS/m) has only one cut. The mean values recorded relative decreases by 30.64 & 50.44% for the 2nd and 3rd cuts respectively in (Loc1), as compared with the 1st cut, and relative decrease by 28.89 & 50.84% for the 2nd and 3rd cuts respectively in (Loc2), as compared with the 1st cut The green yield of millet was decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity. The mean values recorded relative decreases by about 22.50% of Loc2 and 82.18% of Loc3 as compared to green yield of first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. The dry yield of millet was decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative decrease by about 18.94% of Loc2 and 80.86% of Loc3 as compared to dry yield of the first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. The dry matter % of millet had increased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity in the 2nd location with water salinity of 5.20dS/m, and then it decreased with increasing salinity in the last location (Loc3) during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 3.90% of Loc2 and relative decrease by about 65.19% of Loc3 as compared to dry yield of the first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. 2.2. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on Millet: Plant height (cm) of millet was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 3.66% with N125% as compared to that treatment N100% application. The number of tillers of millet had increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growing seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 3.74% with N125% as compared to that treatment N100% application, over the two seasons. The Flag leaf area (cm2) of millet was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 1.79% with N125% as compared to that treatment N100% application, over the two seasons. Green yield (ton/fed) of millet recorded significant increase with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 5.95% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100% application. Green yield was significantly increased due to the interaction between water salinity of water locations (S) and nitrogen levels (NxS). The dry yield (ton/fed) of millet was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 5.66% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100%, over the two seasons. Dry matter % of millet had increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.41% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100% application. 2.3. Effect of potassium fertilizer on Millet: Plant height (cm) of millet was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.18% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application, over the two seasons. The number of tillers of millet was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.74% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application. Flag leaf area (cm2) of millet was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.27% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application, over the two seasons. The green yield (summation of cuts) (ton/fed) of millet was increased significantly with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 1.94% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application. The results indicated that there is significant effect on the green yield during the two growth seasons due to the interaction between potassium levels & nitrogen levels (KxN), and potassium levels & nitrogen levels of applications & water salinity of locations (KxNxS). While there is no significant interaction between potassium levels of applications and water salinity of locations (KxS). The dry yield (ton/fed) of millet was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 2.24% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application. Dry matter % of millet was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.64% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100%, over the two seasons. 3.1. Effect of salinity of irrigation water on Sorghum: The green yield of sorghum was significantly decreased with increasing irrigation water salinity. The mean values recorded relative decrease by about 23.61% of Loc2 and 87.66% of Loc3 as compared to green yield of first location (Loc1). The dry yield of sorghum was also decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity. The mean values recorded relative decrease of about 42.72% of Loc2 and 90.27% of Loc3 as compared to dry yield of the first location (Loc1) over the two seasons. The dry matter% of sorghum was decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative decrease by about 24.90% of Loc2 and 20.98% of Loc3 as compared to dry yield of first location (Loc1). 3.2. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on Sorghum: Plant height (cm) of sorghum was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 2.45% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100% application, over the two seasons. The green yield (ton/fed) of sorghum was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 2.98% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100% application. No significant effect on the green yield during the two growth seasons was recorded due to the interaction between water salinity of locations (S) and nitrogen levels (NxS). Dry yield (ton/fed) of sorghum was increased significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilization during the two growing seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 2.54% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100%, over the two seasons. Dry matter % of sorghum was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.60% with N125% as compared to that treatment of N100% application, over the two seasons. 3.3. Effect of potassium fertilizer on Sorghum: The plant height (cm) of sorghum was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.24% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application, over the two seasons. The green yield (ton/fed) of sorghum was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.86% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application. The data show that there is significant effect on the green yield of sorghum during the two growth seasons due to the interaction between potassium levels of applications and nitrogen levels (KxN). While there is no significant interaction between potassium levels of applications & water salinity of locations (KxS), and potassium levels of applications & nitrogen levels applications & water salinity of locations (KxNxS). The dry yield (ton/fed) of sorghum was increased with increasing potassium fertilization during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.25% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application, over the two seasons. The dry matter % of sorghum was increased with increasing potassium fertilizers during the two growth seasons. The mean values recorded relative increase by about 0.78% with K125% as compared to that treatment of K100% application, over the two seasons. Recommendation 1. To achieve the highest grain and straw yield of wheat it is recommended to select the cultivar (6) to plant it at salt affected locations, and to cultivate genotype (14) under the low salinity condition. 2. It could be concluded that to obtain the highest grain and straw yield of wheat and the highest pearl millet and sorghum yields, it is recommended to apply nitrogen at rate of 150kgN/Fed. (N125% of recommended dose), K at rate of 50Kg K/Fed. (K100% of recommended dose).