الفهرس 
Review of LiteraturesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The pregnancy is a physiological process can be altered by many complications which could be mild like simple urinary tract infections or severe complications can threatened the life of mother or her baby or both of them like preeclampsia which defined as increase of blood pressure above upper limit of normal in pregnant women companied by proteinuria and with or without edema after 20th week of pregnancy .
Placenta is the organ intermediates between the foetus and mother , as it is play a major physiological role in the process of pregnancy and saving the life of embryo by all nutrients from mother through it and protect him from all biological , toxic and chemical injuries by prevention of bypass, this organ also can be the source of many complications lead to terminate the life of mother or baby or both . And the preeclampsia disease which is the main work of this research is one of important diseases has originated in placenta .
Etiology of preeclampsia is still clearly unknown but many studies was done and give different explanations for the primary causes of pathogenesis of the disease , and our study concentrates to evaluates many associates factors can increase the risks of preeclampsia on mother and foetus for possibility of prevention or decrease risks by early detection and diagnosis and improve quality of life for both mother and baby , and these factors are age of mother , age of pregnancy , weight of baby ,weight of placenta , blood pressure status of mother , amount of proteins excreted in urine of mother and presence or absence of edema .
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Summary and conclusions
Two hundred ( 200 ) patients studied as divided to two groups 100 in each group to be 100 as a control group who are pregnant women not suffering from any disease can alter the results of the study ,where the other
group has pregnant ladies after 20th week of pregnancy and diagnosed as suffering from preeclampsia .
Histological examinations done by different methods in our study as examination by light microscope after prepare samples from both placentae
of control patients and patients suffering from preeclampsia ,after stained by different types of stains like hematoxy – eosin stain , Masson ’s trichrome
stain and toluidine blue stain . Scanning electron microscope is used to evaluates deeply in the structures of placenta and minor and fine changes detected in walls of spiral arteries of villi like attenuations , arborizations of villi , bud branching of blood vessels and extend of fibrotic changes as cell masses formations.
Applications of biostatistical analysis for the data collected arranged in tables according to the studied factors separately and testing these applications for knowing degree of significance ( P” value ) , after this the following results observed . The age group ( 20-29 years ) has the highest risk 46% , the gestational age group ( 37-40 week ) is the time of high incidence of development of preeclampsia 58% , low birth weight seen in 32% of preeclamptic group compare to only 1% in control group ,and weight of placenta reduced below normal in 33% of preeclamptic group while only 2% in normal group and finally the severity of preeclampsia is significantly correlates with weight of baby as increased no. of cases with lower weights of babies with increase severity of preeclampsia ,also with weight of
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Summary and conclusions
Conclusions :
placenta on same manner . Severity also correlates proportionally with increasing levels of hypertension and excretion of proteins ( proteinuria ) .
By good concentrated observations we can conclude these points :
1 – Growing evidence suggests that preeclampsia is the result of an interactive disturbance between maternal and placental cells within the utero-placental unit and not just simply an intrinsic abnormality in trophoblast cell programming .
2 – Placenta as the changes in it’s histological structure seen and different
between control and study groups is the target organ which still needs more investigations especially in early stages of pregnancy to discover the disease in primary pathogenesis .
3 – Age of patient is important factor which should be taken in mind when family planning performed by family doctor .
4 – Gestational age of pregnancy has closed relation with the disease as it is not registered in our study before 28th week of pregnancy ,and the lowest number of cases in group after 40th week by 6% where in control group the cases is 22% this leads to concentrate on last trimester .
5 – The baby is the good end result of pregnancy , and it’s weight at the time of delivery is important guide of nutrition and immunity for growing protected from serious medical problems ,and the preeclampsia proved
to be a cause of low birth weight .
6 – General condition of mother at the time of pregnancy is very guarantee against bad complications of preeclampsia if developed in late pregnancy,
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Summary and conclusions
as the presence of chronic diseases like hypertension , diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erytematosis ( SLE ) will complicate the pregnancy
more because all of these affect the diameter of blood vessels by keeping them narrower and alter blood supply to the growing fetus .
7 – Decreasing weight of placenta in cases of preeclampsia and clear histological changes in structural blood vessel explain the theory of ischemia and hypoxia for further complications of preeclampsia .
8 – Light microscope give good views to the microstructures of placenta , but electron microscope is superior for identification of fine things .
9 – Performing tissue culture or cell culture as cytotrophoblast cell from just
implanted placenta can give further explanations to the etiology and
pathogenesis of preeclampsia , trials done in resent studies .
10 – Presence of preeclampsia in third trimester commonly and not in whole pregnancy and some pregnancies escaping the disease in same patient
and disappearing of signs & symptoms after termination of pregnancy
give the theory of auto immunity more chance to explain the etiology of preeclampsia .