الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
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SUMMARY
This research was carried out at the Experimental
Station of Fuculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha Branch,
Zagazig University in two successive seasons (1989/1990
and 1990/199’,). The aim of this investigation was to study
the effect of three growth regulators namely gibberelliC
,
germination (percentage and rate), morphological characters,
paclobutrazol (PAC) and. ethre1 (CEPA) on
acid
chloroplast pigments, flowering, anatomical features and
carbohydrat.e and protein fraction contents.
Also the NPl
levels were detected. Three cultivers of leguminous plants
were used in thi s stud Y one fenugreek cul tivar (Balad f )
and two pea eva. (Perfection and Little Marvel). The three
growth regulators and their concentrations were as fo110ws:-
1- Gibberellic acid (GA3) .••.••• one and 10 ppm.
2- Paclobutrazo1 (PAC) •••••.. 10 and 100 ppm.
3- Ethrel ICEPA) ..•••••• 50 and 500 ppm.
These growth regula tors were used as soaking ma ter ia1
in the liboratory (for germination and growth chamber)
or as spray on the yegetatiye system of the plants of each
cul tiyar. Spraying took place twice at the age of
30 and L.5 daY’. after saving in the green-house. The
experiaenl~8 were carried out in the following systea:-
--_.---_.------- - - - -- ----~-----_.----~~--~~~
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1- An experiment to detect the effect of these growth
regulators or. the germination process (percentage and rate)
in the Lab or e. tory under controlled cond i tions.
2- An exper iment in order co detect the effect of these
growth regulators on the
chloroplast pigments and
morphological characters.
the organic contents of
the
the
vegetative system (carbohydrates
in the seedling stage. Water
and protein fractions)
culture was used in the
laboratory under controlled conditions.
3- Experimunt s aimed to study the effect of these growth
regulators on the morphological characters, chloroplast
pigments. flowering. anatomical characters and dry weight
of plant HganS and the nutrients content (i.e. NPK) of
roots and leaves of the three cultivars under study in
the two seasons.
This took place under the green-house
conditions.
Three experiments were carried out in each
growing sHasons each concern one of the three evs. under
study.
The obtairled results could be sua.arized 8S followa:-
1- Ger.talltioa:
As for the effect of GA] on germinatiOn of fenugreek
seeds (Baladi ;ey.), no response ~xisted with regard to
gerllinat i on pe~c:.entage or rate vi th the low concentration
(one pplll). ’ft- higher c~ncelltr8tion - (10 ppa) increased
the percl~ntage of germ1nation but decreased its rate.
--- - -- ---
-------------------
-- - - - - _.- - ._. - .- - .-
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FollowiHg up the effect of GA3 on the two pea c va ,
(Perfection and Little Karval) shoved increase in the
percentage ,.f gerDinated seeds accompanied vUh reduction
in its rate.
low concentl~ation (one ppm) did not show any clear effect
on the germtnation process.
The oa1y exception that existed was that the
For the effect of PAC on germination of fenugreek
seeds (Baladi cv.) it was noticed that the low
concentration (10 ppm) . did not affect the germination
percentage while the higher concentration (100 ppm) ,
significan<~lY decreased this percentage. However those
twO concentrations increased the rate of germination.
As for the effect of GA3 on the twO pea cvs. the
response ’ias different from that of fenugreek as here the
twO assigned concentrations nearly resembled the control.
For the effect of CEPA on germination of fenugreek
seeds thl! two concentrations (50 & 500 ppm) significantly
decreasec:
the aeraination percentage while the rate of
gerainat:.on vas increased.
The effect of eEP! OB the pea cys. it vas generaly
noticed that -t its tVO co.centrations decreased the
geraination percentage and increased its rate.
_. _. - -------------_.----_._. --”-- --,-~--
---’- -_._--
- - -- ---- - - - - - ----
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11- Morphological characters:
A- In the growth chamber:
1- Effect )f gibberellic acid.
With rE~gard to fen u g r e e I:. (Baladi cv.) the tWO
concentrations of GA3 (1 s
of tap root but increased
in ternodes a nd lea f area.
ill ppm) (lccreascd the length
tho stem length, length of
The increase showed a linear
relationshiP with the used concentrations.
With the twO pea cvs. GA
3
concentrations showed different
effects. With the Perfection cv. the twO concentrations
decreased t 1e length of the tap
c v , did no’: exhibit any effect
root, while Little Marvel
in this respect.
But the
st em leng tt. inc rea sed with the two c oncen tra tions 0 f GA
3
in the twO pea cultivars. However the number of the internodes
was not affected.
internode ,tas increased.
Meanwhile the mean length of the
2- Effect of paclobutrazol:
In f,!nugreek the length of the tap root was not
affected by the loW concentration (10 ppm) while the higher
concentration increased itS length. But these twO concentrations
decreased the length of stem. Number of internodes
and leaf number were not affected. However the leaf area
was decreased.
The twO •• _ CYS. affected with PAC. showed clear
reduction in t-’ -tap root length. the atea length. number
of inten.odes •• ean length of internode ~ nuaber of leaves
and leaf area.
- -- - -,----~-~-------_.---’-’ - - ,--
~---- -’- ---
--- - - - _. - _.- ~
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3- Effect of ethre1:
Its effec.t on fenugreek and the two pea cvs. resembled
to a certain extent PAC for tap root length or stem length
or number of internodes. mean length of internode. number
of leaves and leaf area.
B- In the green-house experiaent:
Data wa! recorded in two growth periods (45 and 60
days from sc,wing) in the green-house, i.e. 15 days after
the first and the second spray.
The obtained results of
the two seasops (1989/90 and 1990/91) were nea~ly the same.
Also, the effect increased with the increase of the applied
concentration of any of used growth regulator.
1- Effect of giberellic acid:
As for fenugreek GA
3
as a whole decreased the length
of the tap root and increased the number of the developed
branches, r.umber of leaves and leaf area.
However”, vi th
the hilher concentration (10 ppa)
the nu.ber of the
internodes was not affected with the first spray but
increased 1ft th the second spray.
The two seasons showed
some differences with regard to total number of branches.
The t”o pea e.•s. (Perfection and Little Harvel) behaved
differentl, to .~ extent.
,-
For Perfection. for instance,
the low cl)ncent”t10n of GA3 (ODe ppa) decreased the tap
root len.·:h aorft.an vi th the higher cODc.atration (10
---------- ------
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ppm).
But in Little Marvel the same effect existed with
the low con:entration while the higher concentration
increased r h i n length.
of branches while it increased the stem length. number
GA
3
did not stimulate the formation
of leaves and leaf area.
2- Effect of paclobutrazol:
In fenugreek. this growth regulator caused increase
in the length of tap root. number of branches and leaves.
However. it decreased the stem length and length of stem
and internodes. their number and mean length of the
internode, r.umber of leaves and leaf area.
This indicate
the stunting effect of this growth regulator.
As f01” the two pea CYS.
the twO concentrations
increased the root length and decreased the stem length
in the two growth periods through the two seasons for the
two cultiurs (Perfection and Little Marvel).
The effect
was more clear with the higher concentration. The
application of PAC decreased many traits such as length
of internodes and lea far ea ’b u t inc reased number of lea Y e s ,
The PAC e nha nc e d branching in the second growth period.
This stimulating effect was different in the twO seasons.
3- Effect of ethrel:
..J£~ With fenuBteek the tvo concentrations (SO and 500
exhibited’ifferent responses with regard to length
ppm) ~
.--- - -- _. -- - - _.- -_. -_.- - _. - .- - - _.---
----- ---
- _.-- ~-- _.--
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of tap root as the low concentration increased its length
while the higher one led, to its reduction. The two
concentrations reduced’ the stem length, number of leaves
and leaf area. Of inter rest was that the two concentrations
increased thiu number of branches in the two seasons.
In peas (Perfection and Little Marvel) the two
concentration of this growth regulator decreased the length
of both tap root and stem in the two growth periods.
Generally, t!lese concentrations caused reduction in many
of the morp~ological characters as length of internode,
number of IE aves. ALs o , a promoti ng effect in branchi ng
existed. Tt.e increase was more than any other growth
regulator USE!d in the present study.
The eff eet of any of these growth regulators (GA3•
PAC and CEPA) nearl y shove d the same trend wi th any of
the three cultivars under study.
111- Chlorplaat pi••• ata:
A- ~r~hrth eb•• lter .s.perl.eat:
Both ft:nugreelt and peas exhibited different responses.
With fenu~reek, all the assigned concentrations of
GA
3
(1 and 10 p•• ) or CEPA (50 and 500 pp.) decreased
chlorophyll a • band carotenoids in leaTes. Hove.,er the
application of PlC with its concentrations (10 and 100
ppm) increased th4se pia_ents.
--- --
--~-~------
- - - -- _.,-- -----
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For pea cv. Perfection. all the three growth regulators
used led in general to reduction in chlorophyll a. band
carotenoids except with the low concentrations of GA3
increased chlorophyll b.
With pea c v , Little Marvel. chlorophyll a increased
by the applic!tion of any of the three growth regulators except
with the higler concentration of ethrel (500 ppm) that showed
small reduction. Also. chlorophyll b increased except
with GA
3
and PAC where small reduction existed.
B- Green··house experi-ent:
Here. the results differs
from those obtained in
the growth chamber. It was noticed that GA.3 and CEPA with
their assigned concentrations caused reduction in the
contents 0 E the leaves of fenugreek and peas in the two
growing puriods (45 and 60 days after sowing). PAC
exhibited u reverse effect.
IY- Floweria.:
1- Thl! number of flowers as well as the date of the
existance of the first flower under the green-house
conditionH were recorded.
For fenugreek t GA
3
wioth the higher concentrat ion (10
pp.) led to co •• iderable earliness in flowering (the first
flover e::isted36 days before the control). The PAC (100
---------------------
---- ---------_.-- _.
------- ------- - -- -- -
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ppm) caused but a little delay in this existance. But
CEPA caused a clear delay. Generally, the low
concentrations of these growth regulators exhibited but
little earliness in the existance of the first flower.
For the two pea cvs. this date was not affected with
the growth re·gulators treatment
except that of CEPA which
exhibited some delay especially with its higher
concentration.
2- Number of flowers:
The app lication of GA
3
or PAC as a whole led to some
increases in this number/plant.
But CEPA (50 ppm) enhanced
flower formation.
however, the two, concentrations of CEPA
caused reduction in the number of flower per plant.
v- Anato.ieal studiea:
The study included the internal structure of the stem
and leaves (f fenulreek and pea plants.
A- Anatony of tbe aain stea:
In fenugreek. tbe application of GA3 generally reduced
the stea d:.a.eter but the PAC increased it.
the increase
or decrease that esisted vaB
due to reduction in the
thickness cf aany different ti••••• (the epiderais, cortex,
The hiaher concentration of PAC
(100 pp.) incre~ed the nuaber of Y8scular bundles but
- _.- - -_. - - -- .- _ .. _- -- - -
--- - -- - -
- - - - - - - - ---- --- -
- _. - -- ----- ~ ..- - -- ------- - ---_.--_.----_ ..- ----- - ._ .. -
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CEPA greatly reduced most of the characters under study.
Of interrest was the great reduction in the number of
vascular bundles. existed with the concentration of 500
ppm.
differences. caused reduction in
same effects that
with some little
many traits (stem
pith and dimensions
PAC exhibited the
As
existed
for :he two pea cultivars,
fenugreek were noticed
the
but
in
thickness, c1)rtex, pericyelic fibers,
of vascular bundle, phloem ••••etc).
same effectB that were noticed in
the two p e e evs. (Perfection and
for instance
fenugreek. However,
Little Marvel) showed
some diffel ences.,
the low concentration
increased t~e number of the small vascular bundles but
thiS number was not affected in Little Marvel. However,
the higher concentration of PAC increased the number of
vascular bU:ldles. But CEPA the twO concentrations existed
different e::fects. The low concentration (50 ppm) increased
the stem d i.ameter and stem-wall thickness but the higher
one (500 ppm) reduced them. Generally the two
concentratiOns increased most of the anatomical characters.
The number of the large bundles were always siailar to
that the control.
B- Anat)m, of the leaf:
The s tudy i_eluded the internal structure 0 f the leaf
at the position tf the midrib.
-’- --_ .. _-~---~--_._-------- --
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- -- .-- ._- _.- _.- -- ------- ._- -- -- -- -
- --- _.- -----_. ------_. - _._ ..- ~-- -
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - --- - -- -
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For fenugreek, the higher concentration of GA3 (10
ppm) caused reduction in the thickness of the midrib and
blade. This vas due to reduction in the thickness of many
tissues such as epidermis (upper and lover), the palisade
fi ber zone
tissue and spongy
and ph loem. The
tissue. co11enchyma tissue.
dimensions of the vascular bundle
increased. nJmber of vessels and their width.
the thickness of both midrib nnd blade.
PAC increased
This increase
was due to the
tissues. 1’:s
increase of epidermis, palisade and spongy
concentrations showed different effects for
instance tte lov concentration (10 ppm)
increased the
dimensions of the bundle. xylem thickness and number of
vessels v:lile the higher concentration caused reduction
I\s for CEI)/\ the tva concentrations
in these cr aracters.
concen:ration
leaf s r r uc r u r e . While the 50 ppm
of the Leaf (midrib and lamina),
’)00 p p rn ’ 1\ C r c ;1 sed t his t hie k ne s s •
differently affected the
decreased the thickness
the of
With the tva pea cultiva~ 3, the effect was nearly
the same. however some dif[erell(”{~S existed.
For instance.
in the Perfection cv. some characters did not show any
deviation from the control with the application of GA3
as number of palisade or spongy layers. Even though, the
lower concentration (one ppm) caused reduction in the width
of the va sc u La r bundle and the higher one (10 ppm) caused
an increo!e in this trait.
-~-- -- -- - ---_. - _._--~--------
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of the higher concentration (100 ppm). CEPA with its two
concentrations (SO and 500 ppm) caused reduction 1n the
dry weight. ’~he most level of reduction was at the flowering
period with the higher, concentration (75% less than the
control).
With the two pea cultivars (Perfection and Little
Harvel). the application of any of these growth regulators
(GA), PAC and CEPA) showed different effects with regard
to dry weiglLt. For instance, in Perfection c v , this weight
was reduced by the application of GA3, while PAC caused
increase in the dry wei gh t , CEPA caused 8 li t t Ie increase
in the veg,;,tat i ve peri od of growth and red uc t ion at the
flowering p er Lo d , As a whole GA3 increased the dry weight
in Little lIIarvel cultivar. PAC caused increase in this
weight at 1:heveget a ti ve period and dec r e a s e at flowering
period. CE,PA led to increase of the dry weight at the
two growth ~eriods (Vegetative, flowering).
VII- Che.ica1 ana1yeie:
A- Growth cha.ber experi.ent:
1- Protein fractions:
It was noticed that all the applied concentration
of the three growth regulators (GA3, PAC and CEPA) increased
the total soluble protein fractions in the shoots
of f e nug r e.sk (Baladi cy.) and pea (Perfection cy.). These
increments were .ainly due to the increase of albumins
---- ._.-_ .. --_. - .-
- ----~-_._-_.-_ ...
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and glutelins. Of interest was that in the Little Marvel
cv. the assigned growth regulators reduced the total soluble
protein fractions. This reduction was mainly due to
reduction in albumins.
2- Totar carbohydrates:
Wi th fenugreek plant the low concentration (one ppm) of GA3
was nearly as that of the control while the higher cocentration
(10 ppm) increased the carbohydrate contents. PAC
with its t.wo concentrations (10 and 100 ppm) reduced the
total caro ohyd rat ee , CEPA with its low concentration
(50 ppm) led to increase the total carbohydrates in the
shoots while the higher concentration decreased this
content.
As for the pea cultivars (Perfection and Little Marvel)
all the growth regulators used (GA3, PAC and CEPA) increased
the carbohydrate contents in ~he shoots of the seeding.
This increase were more obvious in the Perfection cv.
B- Tile Brees-honee eIpert.ent:
The NPl content was esti.ated in roots and leaTes
of the treated plants 8S well as the control. The level
of these ele.ellts was increased with the application of
these gro”th rea-dators in the roots and leaves of fenugreek
(Baladi c v ,) aad also the two pea evs. (Perfection and
Little Harvel) at the two growing periods (45 and 60 days
--- -~-_.. - -- - - ----- ---- -------
- 164 -
after sowing). Besides~ some of the assigned concent~ations
showed different effects with regard to the levels of NPK
(Tables 27 and 28) •
.-~---
- 108 -
SUMMARY
Two pot experiments were performed at Faculty of Agriculture
at Moshtohor, Zagazig University, during 1988/89 and 1989/90 seasons.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals
and salinity on growth, yield and chemical content of some barley
varieties. The treatments of the two studies were :
1. Barley varieties :
Three varieties, Le., Giza 121, Giza 123 and Cross compound
89 (C.C.-89).
2. Irrigation interval :
Each pot received a quantity of irrigation solution equivalent
to 70 % of field capacity at intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days.
3. Salt solution :
A mixture of 1 : 1 by equivalents of NaCI and CaCl2 was
used to make salinity levels, 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm.
The experimental design was a randomized complete block
with six replications. The results may be summarized as follows :
1.
1.1.
1.1.1.
Effect of Barley Varieties :
Growth characters :
Barley varieties had significant effect on fresh weight of
leaves, stems as well as whole plant at heading stage. Giza
123 surpassed giza 121 and C.C.-89.
-----~-------~~--~ --~~ .~~._~_.~-~--
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
1.1.4.
1.1.5.
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Barley varieties could be arranged in descending order according
to the total dry weight/plant as follows: Giza 123, Giza 121
and C.C.-89.
Barley varieties showed differences in plant height. Variety
of C.C.-89 produced the tall plants and Giza 121 was the
shortest one.
There were no significant differences in the number of leaves/
plant at flowering stage among the three varieties.
Varieties of barley had significant effect on the number of
shoots/pot. Giza 123 had a greater number of shoots/poot
compared both Giza 121 and C.C.-89.
1.2.1.
1.2. Yield components and yield of barley:
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.2.4.
Varieties showed significant effect on number of spikes/pot.
Giza 123 surpassed significantly the both varieties, Le., Giza
121 and C.C.-89.
Varieties of barley had significant effect on number of grains/
spike. Giza 123 had a greater number of grains/spike compared
with other two varieties, Le., Giza 121 and C.C.-89.
Giza 123 variety had heavier weight of 1000 grains than Giza
121 and C.C.-89 •
Barley varieties showed significant effect on the weight of
grains/pot. Giza 123 surpassed the other two varieties. The
.
relative yields were 100, 117 and 127 for Giza 121, C.C.-89
1.2.5.
1.3.
1.3.1.
- 110 -
and Giza 123, respectively.
The effect of varieties on the weight of straw/pot was significant.
Giza 123 surpassed significantly the other two varieties.
Chemical content of barley:
Varieties had no significant effects on the N-, P-, K-, Caand
Na-content of barley leaves and stems at heading stage.
2. Effect of Irrigation Intervals :
2.1. Growth characters:
Prolonging the irrigation intervals caused a depression in
growth characters of barley plants.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.
---- ... _----
Widening the irrigation intervals from 5, 10, 15 and 20 days
reduced the fresh weight of leaves, stems, roots and whole
plant by 58, 49, 13 and 47 %, respectively.
Dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and whole plant decreased
by 32, 47, 33 and 44 %, respectively due to widening irrigation
intervals from 5, 10, 15 and 20 days.
Widening the irrigation intervals caused a great reduction
in plant height of barley plants. Prolonging the irrigation
intervals from 5, 10, 15 and 20 days decreased the plant
height by 16, 26 and 38 % at harvesting stage, respectively.
Number of leaves/plant depressed by 24, 36 and 36 % with
increasing the irrigation interval from 5, 10, 15 and 20 days.
2.1.5.
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Widening the irrigation intervals from 5, JO, 15 and 20 days
depressed significantly the number of shoots/pot by 7, 19
and 37 %, respectively.
2.2. Yield components and yield of barley:
Prolonging the irrigation intervals had a reducing effect
on yield and yield components of barley plants.
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.2.5.
Widening the irrigation intervals from 5, JO, 15 and 20 days
depressed the number of spikes/pot by 8, 21 and 40 %, respectively.
Widening the irrigation intervals from 5 to JO, 15 and 20
days reduced the number of grainsLsplke of barley plants
by 8, 12 and 44 %, respectively, without significant differences
between 10 and 15 days.
Prolonging irrigation intervals from 5 to 10, 15 and 20 days
depressed the number of spikes/pot by 28, 40 and 68 %, respectively.
It clear that the effect of drought on weight of spikes/pot
was more prounced than number of spikes/pot.
Widening irrigation intervals from 5 to 10, 15 and 20 days
decreased the weight of WOO-grain by 6, 9 and 36 %, respectively.
Weight of grains/pot decreased by 31, 43 and 72 % with increasing
the irrigation intervals from 5 to 10, 15, and 20 days,
respectively.
------------------------------
2.2.6.
- 112 -
Widening the irrigation intervals from 5 to 10, 15 and 20
days reduced the weight of straw/pot by 32, 49 and 62 %,
respectively.
2.3. Chemical content of barley :
2.3.1. Prolonging irrigation intervals significantly .increased N-,
K- and Na-content of leaves and stems. On the other hand,
irrigation intervals had no significant effect on the P- and
Ca-content of leaves and stems at heading stage.
3. Effect of Salinity Treatments :
3.1. Growth characters :
There was a marked depression in growth characters
of barley plants with the increase in soil saljnity,
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
Growing barley plants at high level of salinity (5000 ppm)
reduced the fresh weight of leaves, stems, roots and whole
plant as compared to the control by 47, 44, 21 and 42 %,
respectively.
Salinity concentration of 5000 ppm depressed the dry weight
of leaves, stems, roots and whole plant by 40, 51, 45 and
47 %, respectively than control treatment.
Growing barley. plants at high level of salinity (5000 ppm)
decreased the plant height at flowering and harvesting stages
by 34 and 14 96, respectively.
-------.-
\GC-f
- 114 -
due to increasing salinity levels from control to 1000, 2000,
3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm, respectively.
3.2.6. Yield of straw/pot reduced by 7, 18, 31, 35 and 37 % due
to increasing salinity levels from control to 1000, 2000, 3000,
4000 and 5000 ppm, respectively.
3.2.6.
3.3.
3.3.1.
Chemical content of barley :
There was a negative relationships between soil salinity and
N-, P- and K-content of barley leaves and stems.
3.3.2. Increasing salinity levels increased Ca- and Na-content in
leaves and stems of barley plants.
4.
4.1.
Effect of the interactions :
Effect of the interaction between varieties and irrigation intervals:
Plant height, number of shoots/pot, number of spikes/pot,
number of grains/spike weight of spikes/pot, weight of 1000 grain
and weight of grains and straw/pot were significantly affected by
the interaction between varieties and irrigation intervals. In general,
prolonging the irrigation intervbals caused a reduction in all previous
characters in Giza 121 variety which higher than Giza 123 and <;.C.-89.
This result indicate that new varieties, i.e., Giza 123 and C.C.-89
were more drought-tolrant than Giza 121.
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4.2. Effect of the interaction between varieties and salinity treatments:
The effect of interaction between varieties and salinity treatments
on plant height, number of shoots/pot, number of spikes/pot,
number of grains/spike, weight of spikes/pot, weight of 1000 grains,
weight of grains/pot and weight of straw/pot were significant. The
reductions in all characters of three varieties were similar under lower
salinity levels, Le., 1000 and 2000 ppm. On the other hand, increasing
salinity levels up to 5000 ppm caused a reduction in Giza 123 which
was lower than Giza 121 and C.C.-89. This indicate that Giza 123
can tolerate more salinity level than Giza 121 and C.C.-89 •