الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 143 |  |  |
| | | from | 143 | | |
Abstract
Cardiorenal insufficiency is more than a simultaneous cardiac and renal disease. Atherosclerosis, renal vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are significant precursors of both heart failure and renal failure. Patients with cardiorenal syndrome live in a fragile environment challenged by the interaction of neurohumoral, hemodynamic, and other less known factors. The pathophysiology of kidney disease in heart failure (HF) is quite different from the pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence of cardiac failure and chronic renal failure is increasing, and the co-existence of the two problems carries an extremely bad prognosis. The progressive aging of the population, the extensive application of cardiac interventional procedures, and the improved prognosis of diseases with a poor outcome have generated the rising number of patients who have combined heart and kidney failure.