الفهرس 
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Abstract
Honey bees play a crucial role in cross-pollination between plants and are considered one of the most important components of the ecosystem, contributing to one-third of human food along with other products that offer a wealth of health benefits. Honeybees face threats from what is known as colony collapse disorder, attributed to diseases, pests, and pollution. Notably, the Varroa mite and Nosema fungus are significant threats. Various control methods are used, but they have negative environmental impacts, such as pollution and pesticide residues in honey and other products. Therefore, studies are exploring natural alternatives. Thymol, a natural compound found in essential thyme oil, is a potential alternative due to its antifungal and antibacterial properties. However, it can negatively affect bees due to its odour and its impact on colony pheromones, causing repellent effects and decreased palatability, which affects bee activities. Additionally, thymol is sensitive to high temperatures, leaves residues in hive products, and resistance to its effects has been recorded. Hence, this research focuses on testing nanoemulsified thymol and leveraging the unique properties of its nanoscale molecules and their large total surface area. The study investigated the effects of nano-emulsified thymol at various concentrations on honeybees in treating varroa and nosema diseases. This preliminary study tested a 100 ppm concentration of thymol emulsion and different concentrations of nano-emulsified thymol on honeybee workers. Moreover, it examined their effects on Nosema in laboratory conditions and Varroa in field colonies under prevailing abiotic factors in Egypt, such as temperature and relative humidity. The results showed that a 50 ppm concentration of nanoemulsified thymol was most effective against Nosema, surpassing regular thymol in several aspects, though it still presented challenges. For Varroa, the most effective concentration was 25 ppm of nanoemulsified thymol. The nano-emulsified thymol demonstrated promising results against Varroa and Nosema, with reduced adverse effects on bees compared to regular thymol. However, further studies are needed to ensure its efficacy and safety over a longer period and under various conditions. This preliminary study calls for more research to broadly assess the impact of nanoemulsified thymol on bee health and treatment effectiveness throughout the year.