الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background: Zoonotic enteric bacteria such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. pose significant public health risks as they can cause severe infections in humans and animals. This study investigates the prevalence and characteristics of zoonotic bacteria causing diarrhea in livestock and humans in Minia Governorate, Egypt, from January 2022 to December 2023. The focus is on the bacterial isolates from cattle, sheep, and human fecal samples.
Methodology: Fecal samples were collected and analysed from 791 cattle, 386 sheep, and 304 humans. Traditional culturing was conducted, followed by biochemical and serological differentiation, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using antibiotics commonly employed in Egypt. Additionally, the use of CuFe-Y LDHs (copper iron yttrium layered double hydroxides) nanoparticles was evaluated to overcome the MDR of E. coli isolates.
Results: In cattle, E. coli had a prevalence of 74.21%, followed by P. aeruginosa 16.81%, and Klebsiella spp. (4.3%). In sheep, E. coli was found in 73.83%, P. aeruginosa in 7.51% and Klebsiella spp. in 7.51%. Human samples showed E. coli at 33.22% and P. aeruginosa at 5.59%, while Klebsiella spp. was 2.3%. Age analysis revealed that E. coli was most prevalent in the youngest age group; up to 1 months old for cattle and sheep and <10 years age group for humans. Seasonal variations indicated that E. coli peaked in winter for all species. Notable serotypes and their virulence genes included O118:k- (26.67%) with stx1, vat, iss, and mcr 1; O157:k- with stx1, stx2, vat, iss, and mcr1 and O86 with stx1, iss, and mcr1, each serotype accounted for the fifth; O44 (13.33%) with vat, iss, and mcr1; and O164:k- and O124 (each 6.67%) with iss and mcr 1 genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high efficacy of enrofloxacin across species (P<0.000), while colistin showed significant resistance (P<0.011). Furthermore, CuFe-Y LDHs showed a significant antimicrobial efficiency against MDR E. coli isolates.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of zoonotic bacteria, particularly E. coli, in all species highlighted significant public health concerns, underscoring the importance of monitoring bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial resistance to improve management practices and mitigate risks. Furthermore, the inhibitory functions of CuFe-Y LDHs showed a promising technique to overcome resistant E. coli.