الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Bladder cancer is a malignancy affecting the urothelium of the bladder, and comprises two recognized disease entities with distinct molecular features and clinical outcomes. Low-grade non-muscle-invasive tumours and muscle-invasive tumours. smoking is the most important risk factor for BC, and Painless hematuria is the most common presenting symptom of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The challenges for controlling bladder cancer are preventing recurrent disease and inhibiting the disease progression during treatment. The clinicopathological parameters such as tumor grade and stage have been used clinically to predict pathologic events of bladder cancer; however, the sensitivity of these parameters is relatively low, identification of effective molecular markers is more relevant for the improvement of diagnostic, prognostic techniques and for the development of additional new therapeutic strategies for patients with bladder cancer. |