الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Staphylococci are gram positive bacteria that live commensally on human mucous membranes, yet
they can also act as human pathogens [1]
. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been known
as the virulent species [2]
. It can cause multiple human infections, including skin and soft tissue
infections, bacteremia, infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic device
infections, gastroenteritis, pulmonary infections (e.g. pneumonia), meningitis, toxic shock
syndrome and urinary tract infections [3]
. Traditionally, the other staphylococcal species,
collectively known as Staphylococci other than S. aureus(SOSA), have been considered avirulent
and symbiotic [4]
. This notion has changed over the past thirty years [5]
. Nowadays, foreign bodyrelated infections (FBRIs), device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) and
bloodstream-related infections are recognized to be caused by SOSA that are now considered
virulent pathogens [6]
.
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus can colonize the anterior nares
transiently or permanently and may cause bacteremia and other infections [7]
. Other SOSA
members as Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus
capitis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus
cohnii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus saccharolyticus are opportunistic
microorganisms [8]
. Breaches in the natural mucocutaneous barrier, immunosuppression and
existence of indwelling medical devices are risk factors for SOSA infections [9]
. Furthermore,
SOSA can carry antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants and were shown to express high
levels of resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline,
and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim [10]