الفهرس 
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Abstract
chemical fertilizers and pesticides without discriminating can have adverse effects for soil, human, and environmental health. It is consequently necessary to develop sustainable alternatives to the chemical inputs used in agriculture. The study of the impact of some biofertilizers and biopesticides on the diversity and abundance of two solanaceous vegetable insect pests and their predators under soilless conditions were undertaken at a semi field farm of Microbiolgy division, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Research Institute (SWERI), Sakha Agricultures Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kafrelsheikh Governorate during Autumn of 2018 and Summer of 2019. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of four types of biofertilizers [Azotobacter sp,(Azt) Azospirillum sp (AZ) Bacillus megatherium,(B) Vesicular arbuscular endomycorrhizae (VAM)] as inoculants and/or spray on the diversity and abundance of insect pests infesting eggplant, Solanum melongena (L) and pepper, Capsicum anumma (L) and their associated predators during Autumn season. Also, to evaluate the effect of eight different bio-pesticides and one chemical insecticide; [Neem oil 0.5% (Azadirachta indica), basil oil 0.5%, camphore oil 0.5% (Eucalyptus globules) and (clove oil 0.5%), oils mix 0.5% {basil oil+clove oil+camphor oil}, chilli garlic extract 5%, Moringa leaf extract MLE 5%, Salicylic acid 50 mg/l, chemical insecticide on the population insect pests reduction of eggplant and pepper plants. In addition, the pest control complex studies on pepper and eggplant were carried out utilizing a combination of three different biofertilizers {Mix (Az+Azt+B+Az.t spray)} as well as varied concentrations of M. olifera leaves extract, salicylic acid and oils mixture. VI.1. Impact of four different biofertilizers on the diversity and population abundance of six sucking pest species infesting eggplants (Solanum melongena L) during Autumn season 2018. The major insect pests identified on eggplant during the study period were: whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), (Homoptera: Alyrodidae), two species of aphids, cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover and green beach Myzus persicae (Sulzer), (Homopter: Aphididae) Jassid, Empoasca sp (Homoptera: Cicadellida), Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and red mits, Tetranychus urticae (koach), (acarina: Tetranchidae). In the current study, the applied biofertilizers had significant reduction effects on the abundance of the investigated insect pests. Furthermore, the application of the studied biofertilizer inoculums with/or without Azotobacter liquid spray to the eggplant decreased the number of the two stages of B. tabaci (adults and nymphs). Population abundance of nymphs showed a notable decrease due to these treatments, VAM inoculation, B inoculation, B inoculation + Azt spray, Mix1 and Mix2 treatments which attained significant decreases lower than un inoculated control but in case of adults there were non-significant decrease due to treatments compared to control. (Mix1) gave the lowest abundance for the nymphs of B. tabaci, this might be due to the synergistic effects of the three tested biofertlizer, Azotobater, Azospirillum and Bacillus as mixtures than as single inoculants. The results revealed that Az inoculation attained the significant reduction effect against Empoasca sp where it achieved the best result (0.12 pests/treatment ± 0.01) compared to (1.87 pests/treatment ± 0.19) for control. In contrast, Az inoculation, VAM inoculation and VAM inoculation + Azts spray treatments exhibited a high abundance of A.gossypii in comparison with the untreated plants. On the other hand, M. persica drastically affected by most applied biofertilizer treatments. The treatment of Az inoculation, VAM inoculation, B inoculation +Azt spray, Mix1 and Mix2 caused the lowest abundance (0.01 pests/treatments ± 0.02) lower than untreated control (1.2 pests/treatment ± 0.06). In the case of T. tabaci, the records showed that there were no significant differences in their abundance between different treatments and control. This is might be due to the potential factors that should be considered, such as the nutrient limitation of other sucking pests on biofertilized plants and plant defense compounds. For example, aphids and whiteflies are feeding deeply from the plant’s phloem, in contrast with thrips, which feed superficially from the outer plant cells and thus may encounter some limitations of nutrients or digestion of some compounds on biofertlized plants. 1.1.2. Impact of the tested biofertilizers on the diversity of predators associated with the sucking pests infesting the eggplant, S. melongena. during Autumn seson, 2018. The predators which associated with the insect pests encountered on eggplants which amended with different biofertilizers were Scymnus sp (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera), Orius sp (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Macorolophus sp (Hemiptera: Miridae, chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: chrysopidae, Amblysius sp (Acari: Phytoseiidae and true spider (Araneidae: Araneae). The current results proved that the tested biofertilizers had positive significant increase effect on the most localized predators. Results revealed that true spider populations in the control treatment attained the lowest abundance whereas, VAM inoculation + Azt spray achieved the highest significant abundant. Furthermore, the most inoculation with different biofertilizers with or/without Azotobacter spray gave a significant increase in population abundance of Amblysieus sp compared to untreated control. The best treatment of high abundance achieved by VAM inoculation + Azt spray. Regarding to chrysoprela carnea, the studied treatments didn’t attain significant differences than untreated control except for Az inoculation which exhibited high abundance, (1.25 predators/treatment ± 0. 47). 1.1.3. Effect of the studied biofertilizers on the chlorophyll, phenols, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents of the green leaves of the eggplant. Biofertilization of the eggplant with Azospirillum sp, B. megathrium, Azotobacter sp and mixtures of them as well as Mychorrhiza with/or without Azt spray treatments induced higher contents of N% in green leaves than untreated control. Moreover, some inoculated treatments exhibited significant differences over control, such as, Azt inoculation + Azt spray, Azt inoculation, and VAM inoculation + Azt spray which had significant differences in ntrogen content (N %) over un-inoculated control. Typically, the studied biofertilizers showed a significant enhancement in the phosphorus content of the green leaves (P %) of treated plants over untreated control. The highest values of P% were recorded due to the treatment of VAM inoculation followed by VAM inoculation with Aztobacter spray (0.3 and 0.25%, respectively). The effect of the biofertilization treatments on the content of potassium (K %) was generally positive. The highest content of K% was achieved with the treatments of AZ inoculation with Azotobacter spray (AZ inoculation + Azt spray) 5.75 compared to 3.12% for un inoculated control. Phenols content of the green leaves of the treated eggplant sharply increased due to the application of the tested biofertilizers. The Mix1 and Mix2 attained the highest values of phenols content (259.32 and 259.00 ppm) compared to (231.8 ppm) for uninoculated control. Furthremore, the bio-inoculation with/or without Azt spray treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll contents over un-inoculated. The best treatment that increased the chlorophyll content was Mix1 treatment (59.86 SPAD compared to (32.93SPAD) for untreated control. 1.4. Effect of studied bio fertilizers on fruit yield of eggplantduring Autumn season, 2018 Results represented that the best treatments which gave high fruit yield were Mix2 inoculation + Azt spray (465.94 g/plant), followed by Mix1 inoculation (286.09 g/plant and VAM inoculation+Azt spray (284.16 g/plant) compared to un treated control (117.81 g/plant). This might be due to the combination of biofertilizers consistently produced better results; this appears to be owing to their synergistic effect and improved root proliferation, increased nutrient and water uptake, higher plant growth, high fruit yield. 2. Pepper plant 2.1. Impact of four tested biofertilizers on the diversity and population abundance of the sucking pests infesting pepper plant during Autumn 2018. Results revealed that the studied biofertlizers with or without Azotobacter bio fertilizers spray on pepper plant positively decreased all stages (adults, nymphs and eggs) of B. tabaci. Number of eggs showed sharp decrease due to these treatments, especially for Mix1 and Mix2 treatments which attained significant decreases lower than un treated control this is might be attributed to host plants, which received more nutritive and protective compounds than un treated control which may increase the resistance of the host plant against these insect pests, the low abundance of nymphs was dependent on low abundance of eggs. The current results of study showed that Myzus persicae had the same trend of B .tabaci regarding inoculation with biofertilizers and /or Azt spray but all treatments achieved a significant decrease lower than un treated control. Results revealed that the low abundance of aphid population on pepper leaves. The studied treatments decreased heavily the population abundance of Thrips tabaci on pepper leaves except for Az inoculation + Azt spray. Results revealed that the Amblysieus sp (phytoseiidea) was the only one predator which recorded as predator associated the insectpest infesting pepper plant where it also was affected significantly increase by the studied biofertilizer treatments, the superior treatments of most population were mix2 followed by mix1. These results could be due to richness of nourishments which provided with the biofertlizers. V.2.2. Effect of four studied bio fertilizers, on the chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium percentages of pepper leaves. Results showed that the biofertilizer treatments increased N% in leaves over un inoculated control. Potassium percentages followed similar trend as nitrogen whereas the studied bio fertilizer treatments showed good enhancement for K% in pepper leaves. Mx1 and Mix2 treatments attained the highest increases over un inoculated control. The SUMMARY 114 maximum measured chlorophyll value was obtained with the Mix2 and VAM inoculation + Azt spray treatments (63.71 and 63.62, respectively). V.2.3. Impact of the studied biofrtilizer treatments on pepper fruit yield during Autumn season, 2018. The inoculation with or without Azt spray treatments resulted in higher significant increases in pepper fruit yield compared to the un treated control. When compared to the un inoculated control (32.56 g/plant), the best treatments with the highest fruit yield were Mix2 (132.78 g/plant), Mix1 (115.92 g/plant), and Az inoculation + Azt spray (114.88 g/plant). V.2. Efficacy of eight bio pesticides and one chemical insecticide on major insect pests and their associated predators of eggplant and pepper plants during Summer season 2019. 2.1. Eggplant 1. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Results showed that all treatments were effective and resulted in significant differences in the general mean reduction (GMR %) of the whitefly, B. tabaci. The most successful treatment was neem oil (0.5%), which resulted in a high population reduction (92.06%), followed by the oils mix (89.18%). 2. Jassid: Empoasca sp Malathion and camphore oil scored the highest reductions of these pests (97.77 and 94.28%, respectively). Chilli garlic extract was the least efficient treatment in reducing the jassid population. 3. Thrips tabaci The clove oil achieved the highest significant reduction of thrips population (71.32%). Furthermore, the chemical pesticide malathion was ranked as the second treatment which scored reduction in abundance of thrips population at general mean reduction (67.13%). 4. Red mite: Tetranychus urticae First spray: The findings of the current results indicated that, compared to Orts (Chemical insecticide), all bio pesticides significantly reduced the number of red mites. When compared to the other treatments at three times of sprays, neem oil, clove oil, basil oil, and oils mix were each successful with (78.95, 77.35, 76.1 and 76.15%), respectively. Second spray: Neem oil had the highest general mean reduction 95% with a significant effect in reducing the population of red mites. Chilli garlic extract showed the lowest population means reduction 20.3%. Third spray: all treatments had significant variations. Among bio pesticide treatments which recorded the best percent reduction for red mit population at initial and general mean effect was neem oil followed by clove oil and Orts (Chemical insecticide) at general mean reduction. 2.2. Efficacy of eight tested biopesticides and one chemical pesticide (Malathion 57%) on major predators associated with sucking pests of eggplant during Summer season 2019. Results showed that the tested biopesticides were more effective than the chemical pesticide. The best results were moringa leaf extract and salicylic acid, which caused a smaller reduction in predator population (33.3 and 44.4%, respectively). In contrast, Malathion had the highest impact on reducing predator population, both initially (77.8%) and GMR% (66.7%). 2.3. Effect of eight tested biopesticides and one insecticide on fruit yield of eggplant in Summer season 2019. All biopesticide treatments in addition to chemical pesticide achieved significant increases in eggplant fruit yield over the un sprayed control. The best treatment which gave the highest yield was MLE 526.68 g/plant, followed by the Salicylic acid 50 mg/L and clove oil spray which gave 442.15 and 441.81 g/plant, respectively, compared to insecticide treatment was the least treatment in fruit yield 254.05 g/plant. IV. Pepper plant IV.2.1. Impact of eight biopesticide against two sucking pests infesting the pepper plants, Capsicum annuma during Summer season, 2019. 2.1.1. Aphid (Myzus persicae) All treatments reduced the population of aphid, at different intervals after spray. On the basis of reduction effect, Malathion ranked 1st with 81.32%, oils mix ranked 2nd with 72.73%, basil oil 3rd 67.62%, the lowest one which achieved smallest general percent reduction was neem oil with 50.91%. 2.1.2. Thrips tabaci Significant differences appeared between the tested treatments against T. tabaci infested pepper plants. The treatments were arranged as, oils mix 81.25%, malathion 70.54%, salicylic acid 54.69%. Moreover, camphore oil and moringa leaves extract had the lowest effect on thrips population reduction (20.83%, and 24.99 espectively). IV.2.2. Efficacy of eight tested bio pesticides and one chemical insecticide on pepper frut yield during Summer season, 2019. All treatments led to a significant increase the total yield of pepper plant compared to control treatment. Oils mix 0. 5% achieved the highest yield with 365.62 (g/plant) followed by (MLE 5%) with 335.76 (g/plant) IV.3. Dose response of MLE and SA sprays, under biofertilization on population percentage reduction of the insect pests and their associated predators of th eggplant and pepper plants during Autumn season 2019. Eggplant The biopesticides of MLE, SA and oils mix, furthermore, mixure of three bioferilizers were selected based on their capacity to improvement fruit yield of plants. The pest control complex studies on pepper and eggplant were carried out utilizing a combination of three different biofertilizers as well as varied concentrations of M. olifera leaf extract, salicylic acid and oils mix. 3.1. Effect of different concentrations of SA and MLE with or without biofertilization on population percentage reduction of B. tabaci; in the first and second spray during Autumn season, 2019. Spraying the eggplants with different concentrations of salicylic acid spray with a mix inoculum of three biofertilizers had a significant effect on the general mean reduction of B. tabaci population after both the first and second sprays. The plants treated with the highest concentration of salicylic acid under biofertilization showed significantly superior general mean reduction of B. tabaci (56.51 and 50.60%, respectively) after the first and second sprays. Furthermore, there was a substantial percent population reduction of B.tabaci in treatments sprayed with (MLE) with biofertilization after the first and second sprays. The highest dose exhibited the highest general population percent reduction at both the first and second spray (67.07 and 65.24%, respectively). 3.2. Effect of SA and MLE spray with or without biofertilization on population percentage reduction of B. tabaci; in the third and fourth spray during Autumn season, 2019.. During the third and fourth sprays all concentrations of MLE spray with or without biofertilization resulted in a significant difference in percentage reductions of white fly population. Furthermore, at the third and fourth sprays of {MLE (10%) + 2ml mix} recorded the highest overall mean reduction% of B. tabaci population (69.75 and 62.28%, respectively). All salicylic acid spray concentrations, with or without biofertilization, resulted in significant differences in the percent reduction percentages of white fly, B. tabaci population after the third and fourth sprays. The superior rate treatment of general mean reduction was {SA 100 mg/L + 2ml mix inoculation} with 51.50 and 63.02% followed by {SA 100 mg/L} without bio fertilization at third and fourth spray with 50.46 and 52.95%, respectively. 3.3. Effect of different concentrations of SA and MLE with or without application of biofertilizers on population percentage reduction of jassid, Empoasca sp at first and second sprays during Autumn season, 2019. The application of MLE spray wit with or without biofertilization caused a significant general mean percent reduction of (Empoasca sp) population at all different concentrations through the first and second spray. Furthermore, The highest dose of {MLE 10% + 2ml mix } exhibited the highest general population percent reduction at the first spray with 70.67% while during second spray {MLE 10% + 2ml mix inoculation + Azt spry} took the same trend with 56.86%. Salyaslic acid spray without bio fertilization at all rates differed significantly from salyaslic acid sprays with biofertilization in the first and second spray. Furthermore, at the first spray {SA 75mg/l + 2ml mix} recorded the highest general mean reduction(GMR%) of Empoasca sp population (73.73%). On contrast, {SA 100mg/L + 2ml mix} exhibited the highest general population percent reduction at the second spray 51.48%. 3.4. Effect of different concentrations of SA and MLE with application of biofertilizers on population percentage reduction of predators on eggplant during Autumn 2019. Results demonstrated the significant impact of MLE spray on predators of the sucking pests. Furthermore, a variation was observed among the various concentrations of MLE spray treatments; most of these variations were significant. In general, the reduction percentage of predators increased with the increase of MLE treatments without biofertilization. {MLE (7.5%) and MLE (10%)} scored the highest percent reduction 53.86%,5394% while {MLE (5%)+2ml mix incu+Az.t spray} scored the best one with low redction percent (36.68%). Regarding to salicylic acid spray, the reduction percentages increased with the increased of applied SA concentrations, the differences mostly were significant. It was noted that predators on unbiofertilized treated plants severely affected than biofertilized ones. {SA(100mg/l)} caused higest percent rduction 56.65% whereas {S.A (35mg/L) +2ml Mix} achieved the best one 22.45%. 3.5. Efficacy of different concentrations of MLE and SA on eggplant fruit yield during Autumn season, 2019. All spray applications, whether they contained or lacked bio fertilizations, greatly enhanced eggplant fruit yield. The most effective treatments that yielded the maximum yield were SA (50 mg/L) + 2ml mix inoculation + Az spray (641.8 g/plant), MLE 10% + 2ml mix inoculums + Azt spray (636.9 g/plant), and SA (100 mg/L) + 2ml mix inoculation + Az spray (617.6 g/plant), as opposed to 411.5 g/plant for the control. 3.1. Efficacy of different concentrations of (MLE) and oil mixtures on population percentage reduction of aphid (Myzus persicae) and thrips (thrips tabaci) infesting pepper plants during Autumn season, 2019. 1. Myzus persicae The results demonstrated that M. persicae population on pepper leaves was significantly decreased by the MLE spray as well as the combinations of the investigated oils. The treatments of {MLE (10%) + 2ml mix} and {MLE (7.5%) + 2ml mix} under biofertilization recorded the best mean reduction (53.94 and 53.86%, respectively). Additionally, the average percentage decrease of oils mix (0.9%) under biofertilization resulted in a greater percentage reduction of Myzus persica population (56.6%) compared to other spray treatments. Also, there were notable differences in every treatment rate. 2. Thrips tabaci It was shown that thrips populations were significantly reduced in the two treatments of MLE and oils mix under biofertilization compared to the same treatments without biofertilization. Additionally, MLE (7.5%) with biofertilization produced the highest GMR% of any of the spray treatments (60.49%). On contrast the the low concentrations of oils mix under biofertilization recorded the highest GMR% 51.77%,51.47% due to {oils mix (0.5) + 2ml mix} and {oils mix (0.3) + 2ml mix}, respectively. 3.3. Efficacy of some different concentrations of moringa leaves extract (MLE) and oils mixture (oils mix) on pepper fruit yield during Autumn season, 2019 All cocentrations of MLE and SA led to significantly increase pepper fruit yield. Furthermore, biofertilization enhanced the productivity. The treatment of MLE (7.5%) + biofertilization was the superior followed by MLE (10%) then MLE (7.5%) where attained (366.89, 365.54 and 361.32 g/plant) respectively, compared to (212.14 g/plant) for untreated control treatment. Furthermore, the oils mix treatments followed the same trend as the MLE treatments, {oils mix (0.9%) + bio fertilization} produced the maximum yield compared to other oils mix concentations treatment, with 333.56 (g/plant) compared to (212.14g/plant) for the untreated control treatment.