الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Over time, nanotechnology has attracted a lot of attention. The nanoparticles are the main component of nanotechnology. The size of nanoparticles ranges between 1 and 100nm, and they can be made of carbon, metal, metal oxides, or even natural substances. In contrast to their equivalent particles at higher scales, nanoparticles exhibit unique features. This effect results from a relatively large surface area to volume ratio, better mechanical strength higher reactivity or stability in a chemical reaction, etc. (Ealia & Saravanakumar, 2017). Nanoparticles can take different shapes, sizes and structures. Sometimes they show crystalline or amorphous nature with either loose or agglomerated crystals (Cho et al 2013). Generally, synthesis strategies aim to enhance the properties including size, optical or physical characters and also to reduce the costs. They can be developed either by bottom up or top-down methods (Machado et al., 2015) (Fig.2.1.