الفهرس 
Acknowledgement and DedicationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
5. Summary
Medicines and manufactured and produced in the laboratory are highly effective for the treatment of many diseases, but they have side effects on human health, so the return to the use of herbs began as an adjunct treatment due to their great benefits, because of the nutrients and natural active substances they contain and to prevent diseases.
Basil is an important source of antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenols, and also a good source of mineral salts such as manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and iron, and basil has an effective role in many diseases.
About one kilogram of dried basil leaf herb purchased from the local market was used (Abdel Rahman Haraz, Bab al-Khalq, Cairo, Egypt).
This study dealt with shedding light on the following topics:
Estimation of the general chemical composition of basil includes determination of moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber,and carbohydrates.
Determination of oxidative stress and antioxidants of basil extract (total phenols – phenolic compounds).
Measure the rate of increase in the weight of mice before and after the experiment.
Determination of cumulative, insulin and glucose in the blood of laboratory mice.
Determination of liver enzymes in rat serum.(MACHINES, ASAT, GGT, ALP).
Measurement of liver proteins in experimental mice.
Determination of (total protein - albumin - globulin) in the serum of experimental rats.
Determination of kidney functions (urea - creatine - uric acid - calcium - sodium - potassium) in the serum of experimental rats.
Determination of blood lipids in rat serum.(Total cholesterol - triglycerides - high-density lipoproteins - low-density lipoproteins).
• This study was conducted on (80) males of adult white Westar rats weighing (160±10 g) grams, from the animal colony - National Research Center - Giza - Egypt, they were placed in wire cages, and were fed on the basic diet for a week for adaption to the environment.After acclimatizing the rats, they were divided into 8 groups, 10 rats for each group, The rats were induced hypercholesterolemia and diabetes by dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg). The groups divided as following
group (1): The negative control group was fed the basic diet only.
group (2): The positive control group (STZ group) was fed on the basic diet.
group (3): The healthy group was fed a basic diet + 100 ml of basil leaf extract.
group (4):The healthy group was fed a basic diet +300 ml of basil leaf extract.
group (5): The STZ groupwas fed a basic diet + 100 ml of Lipitor (medicine for control in, high cholesterol).
group (6): The STZ groupwas fed a basic diet + 300 ml ofLipitor.
group (7): The STZ groupwas fed a basic diet +100 ml of basil leaf extract + 100 ml of Lipitor.
group (8): The STZ groupwas fed the basic diet + 300 ml of basil leaf extract + 300 mg of Lipitor.
At the end of the experiment, it was estimated: -
The rate of increase in the weight of mice was measured before and after the experiment
Blood samples were drawn from the capillaries in the eyes of the rats using capillary tubes and placed in centrifugal tubes containing 10 IU/ml of heparin as an anticoagulant and kept in the freezer (-20 degrees Celsius) for chemical analysis
The internal organ (pancreas) was separated and kept in a 10% formalin solution and kept in the refrigerator until histological examination was performed.
The results showed the following:
First: Chemical Analysis
1- The results showed that the moisture content of basil leaf powder was (10.42%) and the ash content was (9.38%) on dry weight.
2- The protein content was (17.90%), crude fiber, crude fat (15.13%) and (12.72%) respectively, ondry weight.
3- The antioxidants (total phenols and radical scavenging activity) of basil extract were recorded 12.2±0.54 ml/g and 59±6.1%, respectively.
4- While the basil extract contained 19 phenolic compounds, the highest of them was in the basil extract Gallic acid, Rutin, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin.
II. Biological Outcomes:
1- The study showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of (p≤0.05) between the weights of ratsin all groups. The group (4) the healthy group was fed on the basic diet + (300 mg / kg) basil extract recorded the highest value.
2- There are statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) in the level of hemoglobin in all groups, the groups (7,5) recorded increased of level of hemoglobin (15.1±0.1, 15.1±0.2).While the group (2) positive control group had the least decrease in hemoglobin level (11.9±0.7) g/dL.
3- There are statistically significant differences at the level of (p≤0.05) in the complete blood picture between all the groups, the group (2) the positive control group recorded less decrease in the complete blood picture compared to the group (1) negative control. While the groups (4,5) recorded the highest increase in the level of (RBCS) Red blood corpuscles and (7.54±0.1, 7.6± 0.6) 106/cm and the group (5) recorded the highest increase in HCT (Hematocrit) was (44.6±1.1) % compared to the two control groups.
- The group (6) recorded the highest increasein the level of (MCV) Mean corpuscular volume and was (61.6± 0.7) compared to the two control groups. group (8) recorded the highest increase in the level of MCH and was (23.5± 2.5). The groups (3.4) recorded the highest increase in the level of (MCHC) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was (36.6±0.1, 36.5±0.3).While the group (4) recorded the highest increase in the level of PLT was (899.8±59).finally group (7) recorded the highest increase in the level of WBCS and was (14.6±2.5).
4- Statistically significant differences were found at (p≤0.05) in the level of cumulative glucose (HbA1c), insulin and glucoseamong all the groups. group (2) positive control group recorded the highest increase in the cumulative glucose was (4.97±0.14), while the results did not change in the four groups (5,6,7,8) and were (5.1667±0.45, 4.9667±0.062, 4.8333±0.30, 4.975±0.14) respectively the least decrease in the percentage of cumulative glucose and the group (5) was the least decrease.
- group (2) positive control group recorded the least decrease in insulin level was (0.186 ±0.008) while the groups (3,4,5,6,7,8) did not record any change in the level of insulin, which was the highest group (4) and recorded (2.62±0.16).group (2) positive control group recorded an increase in glucose level (50.2± 79.3), while the rest of the groups did not record any change in glucose level.
5- Statistically significant differences were found at p≤0.05 levels in liver enzymes among all groups. group (2) positive control grouprecorded the highest increase in the level of (ALAT, ASAT, GGT, ALP)recorded(123.6±9.9, 151.31±4.8, 145.8±65, 277.8±9.4) respectively, while the two groups (3,4) recorded the least decrease in liver enzymes, which were for group (3) (26.6±2.5, 41.2±3.8±, 44.7±3, 70.5±69) respectively, and for group (4) (26.9±0.65, 42.3±3.5, 43.8±10.3, 72.6±3.3) respectively.
6- Statistically significant differences were found at p≤0.05 levels in liver proteins among all groups. group (2) positive control group recorded the lowest decrease in the level of liver proteins (total proteins - albumin - globulin - ratio of albumin to globulin) which was (6.5±0.03, 3.4±0.15, 3.1±0.18, 1±0.08) respectively. While the four groups (8,7,6,5) recorded the highest increase in the level of total proteins, the highest was at the group (8) the STZ groupwas fed on the basic diet + 300 ml of basil leaf extract + 300 ml of Lipitorwas (7.8±0.092) g / dl and followed by group (7) TheSTZ group was fed on the basic diet + 100 ml of basil leaf extract + 100 ml of Lipitorwas (7.7±0.15) g/dl ,then followed by the group (4,5) respectively.
- The six groups (8,5,7,6,3,4) respectively recorded the highest increase in the level of albumin compared to the two control groups, the highest groups were (4,3) which scored (4.9±36, 4.9±15) g/dL, respectively. The two groups (6,8) respectively recorded the highest increase in the level of globulin was (3.3±0.05, 3.3±0. 16) respectively, while the six groups (6,7,8,3,5,4) recorded a significant increase in the ratio of albumin to globulin compared to the positive control group (2).
7- Statistically significant differences were found at p≤0.05 level in kidney function among all groups of experimental mice. group (2) positive control group recorded higherincrease in the level of (urea, Ceratite, uric acid, potassium) were (2.6±0.05, 7.6±0.3, 7.94±0.3, 63.2±0.3) respectively, while the same group recorded the lowest decrease in the level of (calcium and sodium) was (122.2±0.94) and (8.06±0.1) respectively.
- While the two groups (3.4) recorded the lower decrease in the level of urea, was (25.9±0.9, 26.6±0.8) respectively.The groups (4,6,5,8,7,3) recorded the lower decrease in creatine level compared to the control groups, which were (25.9± 0.9, 30.5±1.6, 43.6±3.16, 26.6±0.8 and 38.4±1.2 respectively.The groups (8,6,5,4) recorded the lower decrease in uric acid level compared to the control groups, were (4.6±4.4, 5.6±0.07, 5.2±0.13, 5.2±0.69) respectively.
- The groups (8,4,3) recorded the higher increase in the level of calcium and sodium compared to the control groups, which were (10.9±0.4, 10.8±0.18, 10.7±0.27 (143.8± 2.18, 142±3.3, 141.2±4.15) respectively.While the groups (6,8) recorded the lower decrease in potassium level compared to the control groups and were (6.0±0.22, 6.3±0.26) respectively.
8- Statistically significant differences were found at p≤0.05 in blood lipid level among all groups. group (2) positive control group recorded the highest increase in the level of CHO, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and the values were (288.22±18.59, 195.13±15) (109.8±52 and 39.0±3.19) mg/dl respectively, while group (2) recorded the lower decrease in the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) which was (26.8±1.81) mg/dl.
- The groups (3,4) recorded the lower decrease in the level of CHO compared to the control groups, were (141.6±15.52, 144.05 ±9.86) mg/dl, followed by the groups (8,7) respectively, which recorded (160.1±16.2, 176.1±11.16) mg/dL.group (3,2) recorded the lower decrease in the level of triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and low-density lipoproteins. VLDL was (81.08±1.19, 83.24 ±6.92) mg/dl respectively. While the groups (7,8) recorded the lower increase in the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), was (33.8±0.54, 34.1±0.18) mg/dl respectively compared to the control groups.
Third:The results of the CT scan of the pancreatic tissue: -
- Statistically significant differences were found at p≤0.05 between all groups in histological examination of pancreatic tissue. The results showed atrophy and fibrosis of the pancreatic tissues caused by STZ in group (2) positive control.
- In groups (4,3) of healthy rats who were fed on the basic diet + 100 and 300 basil leaf extract, the results showed a photo microscopic image of normal pancreatic tissue where the connective tissue component of the glands increased compared to group (2).
- In groups (6,5) of STZ infected rats fed onbasic diet +100 and 300 basil leaf extract, the results showed a significant improvement in pancreatic ducts and small islets of small islets. The same results and the same improvement were also seen in the two groups (8.7).