الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The process of endotracheal intubation involves inserting an endotracheal tube trans-laryngeally into the trachea through the glottis. Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy are essential components of general anesthesia.
Endotracheal intubation is routinely practiced in procedures requiring general anesthesia. This maneuver is known to produce marked elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic pressure and heart rate by manipulation of the epipharynx, laryngopharynx and tracheobronchial tree.
In general anesthesia, airway manipulations like laryngoscopy and oropharyngeal intubation are regarded as unfavorable stimuli that cause undesirable reactions such arrythmia, tachycardia, hypertension and increased airway reactivity.
Magnesium sulphate can effectively decrease catecholamine release and reduce the pressor reaction after intubation because of its ability to antagonize calcium.
Magnesium sulphate has a depressant impact on CNS because it blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, alters sodium and potassium channels, which change cell membrane potential.
Due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, lignocaine, an aminoamide local anesthetic, is used to reduce local airway reflexes, bronchial hyperactivity and suppresses hemodynamic response during intubation. It also reduces excitation of airway sensory C fibers and releases sensory neuropeptides. Lignocaine is one of the most commonly utilized amide anesthetics. It is safe to administer systemically to reduce the pressor reaction caused by endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy.
The inner surface of nerve cell membranes is where sodium channels on lidocaine act. The uncharged form spreads into the axoplasm via neural sheaths and then combines with hydrogen ions to become ionized. The resultant cation interacts with hydrogen ions to bind reversibly to sodium channels. This occurs from the inside keeping them in the open state and hindering nerve depolarization.
Our study compared and evaluated how well magnesium sulphate and lidocaine worked to lessen the pressor reaction as a result of laryngoscopy and intubation in individuals scheduled for elective surgery.
Eighty people scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were included in this research.
The individuals were categorized into groups M and L. 10 minutes before intubation and laryngoscopy, patients in group M were administered with thirty milligrams per kilogram body weight of magnesium sulphate in one hundred milliliters of normal saline, while patients in group L, received one and half milligrams per kilogram of 2% lignocaine intravenously two minutes before laryngoscopy and intubation.
According to the results of our research, no difference that is statistically significant was seen in group L and M for demographic and clinical data like sex, age, anthropometric measurements, ASA class, and length of operation.