الفهرس 
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Abstract
This prospective cross sectional study will include 61 patients with tracheobronchial lesions who recruited from chest, internal medicine and oncology departments from AL Kasr El Einy and Minia university hospitals in the period between october2020 to July 2023.
• The recruited 61 patients divided into:
group 1: 30 patients with FB inhalation aged between
group 2: 31 patients with endobronchial neoplasm aged between who did thermal ablation fibreoptic bronchoscopic procedures they were further divided into three groups :
First group:15 patients were managed with cryothetrapy.
Second group: 11 patients were managed with electrocautery.
Third group:5 patients were managed with APC.
The main aim of the study is to evaluate the usefulness and efficacy of different therapeutic bronchoscopic techniques in management of tracheobronchial lesions.
All Patients will be assessed before bronchoscopic procedure, as regards the:
1- complete history taking from patients or there representative in cases of FB aspiration children.
2-Symptomatic; dyspnea, hemoptysis , cough and others.
3-Evaluation of dyspnea according to the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale (Vestbo et al., 2013).
5- laboratory investigations (CBC- INR – PC urea create – FBS).
6-Chest radiography.( chest x ray or HRCT).
7-Performance status assessed using the Karnofsky Performance Status.
All procedures will be carried out with flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia.
Regarding FB aspiration Group:
The study included 30 patients who had FB aspiration, their age ranged between 1.5 – 29 years with mean value of 8.417 ± 8.079. 26.7% were females and 73.3% were males.
Our results showed that regarding the type of used bronchoscopy, all of FB were removed by flexible fibroptic bronchoscope (100%). Most of FB (70%) were removed by Biopsy forceps while the remaining 30% were removed by Dormia basket. Regarding complications, 13.3% developed laryngeal edema, while hemoptysis and RD occurred in 6.7% for each. All FB were successfully removed and all patients were improved after FB removal.
In the study in our hands, FB aspiration was located in Rt main bronchus in 36.7% of patient followed by Lt lower bronchus in 23.3% and Lt main bronchus in 13.3% while the site of FB was in Lt upper bronchus, Rt intermediate bronchus, trachea and at carina in 6.7% for each.
Regarding Cryotherapy group:
The current study included 15 patients who had cryotherapy, their age ranged between 54 – 72years with mean value of 64.933 ± 5.311. 33.3% were females and 66.7% were males.
The present study showed that among our studied 15 patients who had cyrotherapy, their duration of symptoms ranged between 3 – 24 month with mean value of 12.933 ± 6.374.the main manifestation was dyspnea in 80% of cases followed by wheeze in 73.3% then cough in 40%, hemoptysis in 33.3% of cases and expectoration in 13.3% of cases.
Histopathology show Squamous cell carcinoma in 20% of cases followed by Small cell lung cancer in 13.3% and Poorly differentiated carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Carcinoid tumor in 6.7% for each while the remaining 46.7% of cases was metastasis.
Electrocautery group:
The current study included 11 patients who had Electrocautery, their age ranged between 33 – 65 years with mean value of 50.000 ± 11.610. 36.4% were females and 63.6% were males.
The present study showed that among our studied 11 patients who had Electrocautery, their duration of symptoms ranged between 2 – 24 month with mean value of 7.545 ± 6.105. 63.6% of them were smokers. SO2% on room air ranged between 86 – 98%. Mass was located in the trachea in 36.4% and the Rt main bronchus in 27.3% and was located lobar and in the Lt upper lobe in main bronchus in 18.2% for each. 45.5% had complete obstruction of the affected air way. Most of them 90.9% were malignant lesion.
Argon Plasma Coagulation group
The current study included 5 patients who had Argon Plasma Coagulation, their age ranged between 37 – 65 years with mean value of 47.600 ± 10.761. 60% were females and 40% were males.
The present study showed that among our studied 5 patients who had Argon Plasma Coagulation, their duration of symptoms ranged between 7 – 12 month with mean value of 9.200 ± 1.923. 60% of them were smokers. SO2% on room air ranged between 92 – 98%. Mass was located in the trachea and the Rt main bronchus in 30% for each and was located lobar and in the Lt upper lobe in main bronchus in 20% for each. 80% had complete obstruction of the affected air way. Most of them 80% were malignant lesion. Histopathology show Carcinoid tumor in 50% of cases while adenocarcinoma, bronchial adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma were detected in 16.7% for each.