الفهرس 
Definition of the diabetic mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Determination of some active compounds such as phenolic compounds and phytochemicals of bay leaves and cardamom seeds using HPLC. Study the effect of bay leaves and cardamom seeds as powder on biological, biochemical, and anti-diabetic changes of male albino rats.
Study the efficiency of different concentrations 2.5% and 5% of bay leaves and cardamom seeds as powder and anti-diabetic changes of male albino rats. Also, some physiological characteristics such as BWG, FI, FER, and internal organs weight. Some biochemical parameters (glucose levels, liver functions, kidney functions, TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and) and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, and platelet) in tested albino rats were also measured.
The use of (48) male albino rats weight ranges between (140-150 g ±10g) during the experiment period. Rats will feed on basal diet prepared according to (AIN, 1993) for seven consecutive days to make adjustment and rats are divided into 8 groups each group that consists of six rats as follows:
group (1): A group rats fed on basal diet as negative control.
group (2): Rats fed on basal diet and injected by a single dose of freshly prepared solution of alloxan (150mg/kg) and was used as a positive control group.
group (3): A group of diabetic rats fed on basal diet and Bay leaves as powder by 2.5% of the weight of basil diet.
group (4): A group diabetic rats fed on basal diet and Bay leaves as powder by 5% of the weight of basil diet.
group (5): A group diabetic rats fed on basal diet and Cardamom seeds as powder by 2.5% of the weight of basil diet.
group (6): A group diabetic rats fed on basal diet and Cardamom seeds as powder by 5% of the weight of basil diet.
group (7): A group obese rats fed on basal diet and mixture (1:1) as powder of Bay leaves and Cardamom seeds as powder by 2.5% of the weight of basil diet.
group (8): A group obese rats fed on basal diet and mixture (1:1) as powder of Bay leaves and Cardamom seeds as powder by 5% of the weight of basil diet.
During the experimental period, the body weight and feed intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed. The experiment will take 28 days. At the end of the experimental period each rat weighs separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
6.1. Chemical composition of bay leaves and cardamom seeds:
1. The higher fat, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy value content recorded for bay leaves as dry weight, the values were 8.19%, 25.40%, 54.03%, and 324.43 kcal/100g, respectively.
2. While the higher moisture, protein and ash content recorded for cardamom seeds as dry weight, the values were 8.65%, 9.30%, and 7.10%, respectively.
6.2. Phytochemicals characteristics of bay leaves and cardamom seeds:
1. The cardamom seeds have higher total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity contents.
While bay leaves recorded higher total phenols content.
6.3. Phenolic compounds of cardamom seeds fractionation by HPLC analysis:
1. The highest phenolic compounds in cardamom seeds are recorded for gallic acid, catchin and lutelin.
2. While the lowest phenolic compounds in cardamom seeds are recorded for syringic acid, vanillin, and caffeic acid.
6.4. Phenolic compounds of bay leaves fractionation by HPLC analysis:
1. The highest phenolic compounds in bay leaves are recorded for flavonols, kaempferol and flavons-3-ols.
2. While the lowest phenolic compounds in bay leaves recorded for hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid.
6.5. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of diabetic rats:
1. The body weight gain indicated that there is a significant difference between negative control and positive control group.
2. The highest body weight gain of treated groups (diabetic) was recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
3. There are no significant differences of feed intake between negative control and positive control group.
4. The highest feed intake of treated groups (diabetic) recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leave powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
5. There is no significant difference of feed efficiency ratio between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
6.6. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on organs weight of diabetic rats:
1. There are no significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in liver weight.
2. The highest liver weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
3. There are no significant differences of kidney weight between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
5. There are non-significant differences of spleen weight between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest spleen weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cardamom seeds powder with non-significant difference.
6.7. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on glucose levels of diabetic rats:
1. The positive control group had a higher glucose level, whereas the negative control group had a lower level, with a significant difference. The mean values were 280.00 and 91.00 mg/dl, respectively.
2. When compared to the control positive group, diabetic rats fed a 5 % mixture had the lowest glucose level with a significant difference (P≤0.05), the average level was 115.00 mg/dl.
3. The highest glucose level in diabetic rats was reported for 2.5 % bay leaves with a significant difference (P≤0.05) being 161.00 mg/dl.
6.8. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on liver functions of diabetic rats:
1. ALT liver enzyme showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
2. The lowest ALT enzyme of the treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture had the lowest, with a significant difference. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
3. AST liver enzyme showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The lowest AST enzyme of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
5. The ALP liver enzyme showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The lowest ALP enzyme of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5 % bay leaves powder with significant difference.
6.9. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on total protein and albumin of diabetic rats:
1. The total protein showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
2. The lowest total protein of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
3. There is a significant difference of albumin between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The lowest albumin of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
6.10. Effect of bay leaves and cardamom seeds and their mixture on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of diabetic rats:
1. There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in total cholesterol levels was observed.
2. The lowest total cholesterol of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5 % bay leaves powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences of triglycerides between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The lowest triglycerides of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
6.11. Effect of bay leaves and cardamom seeds and their mixture on lipid profile of diabetic rats:
1. The higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was recorded for negative control rats’ group when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2. While the highest HDL-c of treated group recorded for group fed on 5% mixture but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 2.5 % bay leaves with a significant difference.
3. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, data indicated that there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group.
4. While the highest LDL-c of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% bay leaves but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% mixture with a significant difference.
5. There positive control rats group recorded the higher value when compared with negative control group with a significant difference.
6. The lowest VLDL-c of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
5.12. Effect of bay leaves and cardamom seeds and their mixture on kidney functions of diabetic rats:
1. The serum uric acid of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
2. While the highest urea level of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% bay leaves but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% mixture with a significant difference.
3. Serum urea of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. While the highest uric acid level of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% bay leaves but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% mixture with significant difference.
5. Serum creatinine of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
6. While the greatest creatinine level of the treated group was found in the group fed on 2.5% bay leaves, the lowest value was found in the group fed on 5% mixture, with significant differences.
6.13. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on red blood cell and white blood cell of diabetic rats:
1. The red blood cells (RBCs) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest RBCs level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
3. The white blood cells (WBCs), of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest WBCs level of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% bay leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with non-significant difference.
6.14. Effect of bay leaves, cardamom seeds and their mixture on hemoglobin and platelet of diabetic rats:
1. The hemoglobin (Hgb) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest hemoglobin level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cardamom seeds powder with significant difference.
3. Platelets of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest platelets level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% bay leaves powder with significant difference.
6.17. Histopathological examination of liver:
1. Microscopically, liver of rats from group 1 showed the normal histological structure of hepatic lobule.
2. However, liver of rats from group 2 showed fibroplasia in the portal triad, appearance of newly formed bile ductuoles.
3. Liver of rats from group 3 revealed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion of hepatic sinusoids.
4. In contrary, liver of rat from group 4 showed Kupffer cells activation.
5. Moreover, liver of rat from group 5 showed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes.
6. Liver of rat from group 6 revealed Kupffer cells activation.
7. However, liver of rat from group 7 showedvacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes.
8. In contrary, liver of rat from group 8 showing slight congestion of hepatic sinusoids.
6.18. Histopathological examination of pancreas:
1. Histopathologically, pancreas of rat from group 1 showed no histopathological changes.
2. However, the pancreas of rat from group 2 showed atrophy of islets of Langerhans.
3. On the other hand, pancreas of rat from group 3 revealed focal necrosis of pancreatic acini.
4. Moreover, pancreas of rat from group 4 showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of islets of pancreas.
5. Meanwhile, pancreas sections from group 5 revealed necrosis of some cells of islets of Langerhans.
6. The pancreas of rat from group 6 showed atrophy of islets of Langerhans.
7. Meanwhile, pancreas sections from group 7 revealed vacuolation of some cells of islets of Langerhans’s.
8. However, the pancreas of rat from group 8 showed no histopathological changes.