الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is a method of facilitating gas exchange in and out of the lungs using an external equipment (MV). It is well-established that MV is a pivotal intervention for the care of patients in intensive care units.around the world who are suffering from acute respiratory failure and whose spontaneous ventilation is insufficient for life support, leading to the development of potentially fatal hypoxia and/or respiratory acidosis. Invasive or noninvasive MV techniques are used depending on whether a definitive airway must be inserted.
Patients in the ICU still have a hard time being weaned off artificial breathing. Weaning is the process of preparing a patient to breathe on their own by gradually decreasing the amount of artificial ventilation they need (via techniques like spontaneous breathing trials or gradual decreases in ventilation support). To avoid complications, patients should be weaned off mechanical breathing as soon as feasible; nevertheless, premature weaning might result in a failure extubation and a poor prognosis.
The weaning procedure begins with an eligibility screening, followed by an SBT., during which many parameters, including oxygenation, ventilation, and airway reflexes, should be evaluated prior to beginning the process.
Both smoking and prolonged exposure to chemical irritants are major causes of COPD, a preventable and curable respiratory illness. Progressive, partly reversible airflow obstruction and hyperinflation of the lungs define this illness, which is sometimes complicated by severe extra pulmonary (systemic) symptoms and concomitant diseases. Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis are major contributors to COPD.
In situations of COPD exacerbation, the major aims of mechanical ventilation are to improve pulmonary gas exchange and to give weak respiratory muscles time to relax and recover from their tired state. Inflammation of the tiny airways and lung parenchyma leads to COPD, which manifests with symptoms such as obstructive bronchiolitis, parenchymal damage, and emphysema. Increased airway resistance and decreased elastic recoil are to blame for the diminished airflow and the inability of the airways to remain open at the end of expiration.