الفهرس 
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer. It often occurs in patients with chronic liver diseases. Surgical resection, liver transplantation, and tumor ablation are potentially curative modalities in cases of localized, non-metastatic, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Lymph nodes are the most typical site of extrahepatic metastases for primary HCC. When assessing lymphadenopathy in those patients, it is important to consider that patients with HCC often have hepatitis and/or cirrhosis, which is frequently associated with reactive lymphadenopathy.
Vascularity, heterogeneity, and central necrosis should raise concern for malignancy. However, Regional lymph node metastasis cannot be fully confirmed by surgical exploration or radiological analysis. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a recognized diagnostic method for a number of cancers. However, due to variable FDG uptake in HCC, the diagnostic accuracy of FDGPET for the assessment of HCC is limited.
On the other hand, Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as an essential diagnostic examination for the diagnosis and management of a wide range of gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic diseases.
Regarding conventional EUS, certain known indicators (such as hypoechogenicity, rounded shape, sharp borders, and diameter greater than 1 cm) refer to the malignant nature of LNs. However, some of these criteria might be present in benign LNs. Additionally, it should be mentioned that early malignant LNs do not exhibit any of these typical criteria.