الفهرس 
Silkworm Rearing TechniqueOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out during spring seasons, 2020 and 2021 in Sericulture laboratory Economic Entomology Department Faculty of Agric. Menoufia Univ. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect artificial diet(T1 and T2) in2020 season and (T1,T2 and T3) in 2021 season, on some biological, technology and physiology characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
The following experiments were carried out:
5.1. Biology aspects:
5.1.1. Larval stage:
5.1.1.1. larval weight (g):
Larval weights revealed high significant differences between the treatments (T1) and (T2) during 2020 season.
It was found that the highest mean weight (T1) 4.035g for R1, followed by 3.836g for R2 then 3.574g for R3 (T2) while the least mean value for (T1) 3.275g was recorded at R3,
And larval weights revealed high significant differences between the sub-treatments (T1), (T2) and (T3) during 2021 season.
The highest mean weight of mature larva for (T3) 4.618g was recorded at R4, followed by (T1) 4.604g was recorded at R2 while the least mean value (T3) 3.847g was recorded at R3.
5.1.1.2. Silk gland weight (g):
Silk gland weights revealed high significant differences between the treatments (T1) and (T2) during 2020 season, It was found that the weight of the silk gland is the best possible in (T1) 0.925g for R1 followed by (T2) 0.867g for R2, while the least mean value for (T1) 0.457g was recorded at R3.
Silk gland weights revealed high significant differences between the (T1), (T2) and (T3) during 2021 season.
It was found that the weight of the silk gland is the best possible in the treatment that was (T1) 0.924g was recorded at R2 treatment followed by (T1) 0.866g for R4.
While the least mean value (T3) 0.626g was recorded at R3, compared to the control, which gave a value 0.648g.
5.1.1.3. Larval duration in days:
The larval stage period revealed high significant differences between the treatments (T1) and (T2) during 2020season it was found that the Larval duration is the best possible in (T1) was 38.6 for R4 followed by 37 for each of R2-3 (T1), and the lowest larval stage period was 30 for R1.
The larval stage period revealed high significant differences between the treatments (T1), (T2) and (T3) during 2021 season.
The highest value of the larval stage period for (T3) was 39 for R4, followed by (T1) was 38 for R4, the lowest larval stage period (T2) was 26 for R1, it was found that the artificial feeding of the sub-treatments that were fed artificially at all ages and at the fourth and fifth ages increased the duration of the larval stage for them than the least treatments.
5.1.2. Pupal stage:
-Percentage of cocooning and pupating:
5.1.2.1. Cocooning%:
It was found that there were significant differences between the cocooning% in the different treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value was recorded for cocooning% (T2) was 97.870% for R1, followed by (T2) 93.057% for R4, and the lowest value of cocooning% was 69.9% for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 82.797 %.
It was found that there were significant differences between the cocooning% in the different treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value was recorded for cocooning% was (T2) 95.690% for R4 followed by 85.820% for R2, and the lowest value was (T1) 60.063% for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 89.300%.
5.1.2.2. Pupation percentage (%):
It was found that there were significant differences between the Pupation% in the different treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value was recorded for pupation% was (T1) was 95.75% for R2, followed by (T2) 94.930% for R1, and the lowest value was (T1) 65.743% for R1, compared to the control, which gave a value of 90.48%.
It was found that there were significant differences between the pupation% in the different treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value was recorded for Pupation% for (T3) was 93.343% for R4 followed by 93.317% for R2, and the lowest value was (T2) 80.473% for R1, compared to the control, which gave a value of 52.72%.
5.1.2.3.Pupal weight (g):
It was found that there were significant differences between the weights of the pupa in the different treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value was recorded for the weight of the pupa 1.347g for (T1) R2 followed 1.238g for (T2) R2, and the lowest value was (T1) 0.910g for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 1.228g.
It was found that there were significant differences between the weights of the pupa in the different sub-treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value was recorded for the weight of the pupa was 1.634g for (T2) R4 followed by 1.617g for (T3) R4, and the lowest value was (T3) 1.162g for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 1.299g, concluded that the highest values of pupal weights were in the sub-treatments in which the larvae were fed artificially at their old ages, and the lowest values were in the larvae that were fed at their young ages. It was also found that the best results were in the (T2).
5.1.3. Adult stage:
5.1.3.1. The fecundity (no. of eggs / female):
It was found that there were no significant differences between the fecundity of female in the different sub-treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value was recorded (T1) 498.75 for R1 followed by (T2) 473.500 for R3, and the lowest value was (T1) 130 for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 505.87.
It was found that there were no significant differences between the fecundity of female in the different sub treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value was recorded (T3) was 660.600 for R1 followed by (T1) 651.600 for R1, and the lowest value was (T3) 390.800 for R3, compared to the control, which gave a value of 299.
5.1.3.2. The fertility %:
It was found that there were significant differences between the fertility in the different treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value was recorded for fertility was (T1) 96.335 %for R4 followed by 94.4 %for R1, and the lowest value was (T1) 96.335% for R4, compared to the control, which gave a value of 96.2%.
It was found that there were no significant differences between the fertility in the different sub treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value was recorded for fertility was (T1) 97.300% for R3 followed by 95.800% for R1, and the lowest value was (T2) 47.480% for R1, compared to the control, which gave a value of 82.5%.
5.2. Technological aspects:
5.2.1.cocoon indices:
5.2.1.1. Fresh cocoon weight (g):
It was found that there were very significant differences between the different sub-treatments in 2020season in (T1 and T2) and the weight of the resulting fresh cocoons, where the highest weight of the cocoons was recorded in (T1) 1.567g for R2 followed by (T1) 1.565g for R2, while the lowest value was recorded for 1.340g for R3, a comparison with the control 1.562g.
It was found that there were very significant differences between the different sub treatments in (T1, T2 and T3) in 2021 season and the weight of the resulting fresh cocoons, where the highest weight of the cocoons was recorded in (T2) was 2.069g for R4 followed by 1.759g for R1, while the lowest value was recorded (T2) 1.513g for R3, a comparison with the control 1.653g.
5.2.1.2. Cocoon shell weight (g):
It was observed that there were no significant differences between the weights of the cocoon shell in the different sub-treatments in 2020 season, and it was found that the highest value of the cocoon shell weight was (T2) 0.659g for R1 followed by 0.312g for R2, while the lowest value was for was (T1) 0.227g for R3, compared to the control, which gave 0.300g.
It was found that there were very significant differences between the different sub-treatments in (T1, T2 and T3) in weights of the cocoon shell in the different treatments in 2021 season, and it was found that the highest value of the cocoon shell weight was for (T3) 0.495g for R4 followed by (T2) 0.426g for R4, while the lowest value was for (T3) 0.319g for R3 ,compared to the control, which gave .352g.
5.2.1.3. Silk content ratio (%):
It is also noted that there were no significant differences in the percentage of silk between the different sub-treatments in 2020 season, and it was found that, the highest value for the percentage of silk was recorded (T2) 20.514 for R1 followed by 20.133 for R2, and the lowest value was (T1) R1 18.021, compared to the control, which gave 19.49.
And there were no significant differences in the percentage of silk between the different sub treatments in 2021 season, and it was found that, the highest value for the percentage of silk was recorded (T2) (23.807) for R3 followed by (22.926) for R2, and the lowest value was T2 19.762 for R1.
5.2.2. Reeled silk filament parameters:
5.2.2.1. Silk filament length (m):
It was found that there were significant differences between the length of the filament in the different sub-treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value of the filament was recorded (T1) 1176.6m for R3 followed by, (T2) was 1325m for R1, and the lowest value was (T1) 703.6m for R2, compared to the control 1094.8m.
It was found that there were no significant differences between the length of the filament in the different sub-treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value of the filament was recorded (T2) 1879m for R1, followed by 1584.2m for R3, and the lowest value was 1045.6m for R4, , compared to the control 1063m.
5.2.2.2.Silk filament weight (g):
There were no significant differences between the filament weight in the different sub treatments in 2020 season. The highest value of the filament weight was (T1) 0.24g for R 3, followed by (T2) 0.224g for R 1, and the lowest value for the filament weight was (T2) 0.158g for R3, , compared to the control 0.202g.
It was found that there were significant differences between the filament weight in the different sub treatments in 2021 season. The highest value of the filament weight was (T2) 0.310g for R1, followed by (T3) 0.292g for R1, and the lowest value for the filament weight was 0.222g for R4, compared to the control 0.216g.
5.2.2.3. Silk filament size (dn):
There are significant differences between the size of the silk filament in the different sub treatments in 2020 season, where the highest value of the filament size was recorded (T1) 2.420dn for R2, followed by (T2) 2.001dn for R2, and the lowest size of the filament was recorded (T2) 1.524dn for R1, compared to the control 1.673dn.
It was found that there were no significant differences between the size of the silk filament in the different sub treatments in 2021 season, where the highest value of the filament size was recorded (T1) 1.967dn for R4 followed by 1.880dn for R2, and the lowest size of the filament was recorded (T2) 1.422dn for R3, compared to the control 1.821dn.
During the 2020 season and through the previous tables, and by comparing the results of R1 and (T2), we can say that the best results were for the larvae that were fed artificially at their young ages, R1 and R2, compared to the larvae that were fed at their adult ages R3, and which was fed artificially at all ages R4, compared to the control, and it was found that the R1 gave the best results are in larval weights, duration of the larval stage, and the characteristics of the resulting filament, (T2) is the best and I recommend applying it.
During the 2021 season by comparing the results of (T1), (T2) and (T3), We can say that the best results were for the larvae that were fed artificially at their young ages, R1 (which was fed artificially at 1st and 2nd instar), and R2 (which was fed artificially at1st ,2nd and 3rdinstar), compared to the larvae that were fed at their adult ages, R3 (which was fed artificially at 4th and 5th instar), and which was fed artificially at all ages R4, compared to the control, and it was found that the (T2) diet and (T2) gave the best results are in larval weights, duration of the larval stage, and the characteristics of the resulting filament, (T1) and (T2) is the best and I recommend applying it.
5.3. Physiological measurement:
5.3.1.Total soluble protein (mg/ml):
The highest value of total soluble protein in the blood of larvae in the 2020 season was 6.500 mg/ml for R2 (T2), followed by 5.400mg/ml for R2 (T1), and the lowest value was 1.600 mg/ml for R 4 (T2), and for R4 (T1), compared to the control which gave 2.300 mg/ml.
That is, the highest value of total soluble protein in the blood of larvae in the 2021 season was 17.700mg/ml for R4 (T3), followed by 14.960mg/ml for R2 (T2), and the lowest value was 3.330mg/ml for R1 (T1), compared to the control which gave 5.550mg/ml.
-Silk gland activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (ALT) and Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (AST) enzymes in silk worm:
5.3.2. Transaminase enzymes (AST&ALT).
5.3.2.1. ALT content (mg/ml):
The highest value of ALT enzyme in the blood of larvae in the 2020 season was 20.900mg/ml for R2 (T2), followed by 19.700mg/ml for R3 (T2), and the lowest value was 10.100mg/ml for R2 (T1), , compared to the control which gave 15.100 mg/ml.
That is, the highest value of ALT enzyme in the blood of larvae in the 2021 season was 8.823mg/ml for R4 (T3), followed by 7.140mg/ml for R4 (T1), and the lowest value was 4.010mg/ml for R2 (T3) and R4 (T2), compared to the control which gave 4.97mg/ml.
5.3.2.2. AST (GPT) content (mg/ml):
The highest value of AST enzyme in the blood of larvae in the 2020 season was 16.800mg/ml for R4 (T2-T1), followed by 16.700mg/ml for R3 (T2), and the lowest value was 10.900mg/ml for R1 (T2) .
That is, the highest value of AST enzyme in the blood of larvae in the 2021 season was 68.77mg/ml for R3 (T3), followed by 59.63mg/ml for R2 (T3), and the lowest value was 22.54mg/ml for R2 (T2), compared to the control which gave 39.200mg/ml.
5.3.3.Total lipids (mg/ml):
The highest value of total soluble fats in the blood of larvae in the 2020 season was 14.9mg/ml for R4 (T2), followed by 10.1mg/ml for R1 (T1), and the lowest value was 2.6mg/ml for R1 (T2).
That is, the highest value of total soluble fats in the blood of larvae in the 2021 season was 25.02mg/ml for R 4 (T3), followed by 24.670mg/ml for R3 (T3), and the lowest value was 4.49mg/ml for R1 (T2), compared to the control which gave 24.27mg/ml.