الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to characterize the hematobiochemical and immunological profiles following immunization of equine with tetanus toxoid or/and toxin used for obtaining antitetanic hyperimmune with or without addition of adjuvants to investigate how these vaccination protocols affected health of equine repeatedly used for production of hyperimmune sera. 45 apparently healthy horses were divided randomly into 9 groups, one control group and other 8 groups subjected to 8 treatments including incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA), complete Freund adjuvant (CFA), tetanus toxoid (T), (T+IFA), (T+CFA), tetanus toxoid + tetanus toxin (TT), (TT+IFA) and (TT+CFA). Blood samples were collected from all groups and were assayed for the selected hematobiochemical and immunological parameters. The results clarified that injection of IFA or CFA alone did not exhibit significant alterations in the selected hematobiochemical and immunological parameters compared to control. Evaluation of hematological parameters in vaccinated groups showed that compared to control group, there were significant decreases in the mean values of RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and platelet count. MCH and MCHC values showed significant increases in immunized horses except in T+CFA group whereas their values exhibited significant decreases. The mean values of TLC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts exhibited significant increase in all treated groups including IFA and CFA groups. Regarding the results of serum biochemical parameters, it was found that, significant reduction in serum albumin levels concurrently with marked elevation in the concentrations of total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin as well as serum enzymatic activities of AST and LDH were recorded in the vaccinated groups . Further, no significant differences were observed in serum levels of minerals and electrolytes as well as renal and serum oxidant-antioxidant biomarkers between vaccinated group and control. Regarding the immunological responses, all vaccinated groups demonstrated marked increases in the limits of flocculation, IgG and α1, α2 and γ-globulins compared to control particularly in groups injected with a combination tetanus toxoid and toxin. For most tested parameters the effects were mor pronounced when CFA was added to the vaccination protocols compared to IFA. This study suggests the use of a combination of toxoid and toxin with incomplete Freund adjuvant (TT + IFA) for hyper-activation of immune response and production of antitetanic hyperimmune serum because this vaccination protocol provided the maximal amount of antibodies beside its high safety margin compared to CFA. However, the repeated use of horses for preparation of antitetanic hyperimmune serum should be avoided as it can result in chronic inflammatory stimulus leading to various health hazards particularly on liver.
Keywords: Tetanus, Toxoid, Hyperimmune serum, Freund Adjuvants, Equine