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Abstract
Different low cost environmentally friendly biocatalysts prepared from natural wastes; animal bones, eggshells and mollusk shells (Abs, ES and MS) were used for biodiesel production through transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol. A comparative study on the applicability of these different prepared biocatalysts, standard immobilized enzyme Novozym 435(Candida antarctica lipase B) and laboratory chemical calcium oxide CaO was carried out. The optimization of transesterification process occurred throughout Response surface methodology RSM based on D-optimal deign of experiments to study the significance and interactive effect of methanol to oil M:{u2009}O molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and mixing rate on biodiesel yield. The activity of the produced green catalysts was approximately the same as chemical CaO and better than that immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 and the overall biodiesel characteristics were acceptable, compared with those of Egyptian petro-diesel and international biodiesel standards