الفهرس 
The reliability of using gnss precise point positioning ppp in replacing the traditional network positioning technique
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Abstract
Establishing GNSS geodetic control networks for subsequent surveys is a costly, difficult and/or time consuming process, especially for a country with developmental needs like Egypt. Traditional methods like DGNSS and SPP are used to obtain control points, which deliver a point position with accuracy of meters to cm depending on the ephemeris type and positioning techniques. Nowadays, PPP has a large attention from GNSS world which claims it can deliver a point position with accuracy of cm level. In this research, PPP reliability, accuracy, and stability are examined to be used as alternative for DGNSS. The results indicate that PPP with sufficient occupation time can be used in establishing geodetic control points. A new method for integrating the results of PPP and DGNSS using unified least squares is applied, and the results show improvement by 50% in accuracy