الفهرس 
scalability of optical networks that do not require electrical signal regeneration [4].
Optical Fibers ModesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In today’s data networks, optical fibers are commonly utilized for data transmission. However, the expansion of fiber systems is reaching data into a bottleneck. Some of these fundamental limitations can be overcome by using space division multiplexing (SDM). SDM is a promising method that will be efficiently treated to overcome the capacity limitations of single mode fiber (SMF). Single mode multi core fiber (MCF), few mode fiber (FMF), and few mode fiber MCF are examples of SDM fibers that have been suggested. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) in multi-mode fiber is the most efficient SDM technology. In MDM, each mode is propagated independently and is clearly identified at the receiver. This thesis proposes a comparison of newly suggested refractive index profile designs based on few-mode fibers capable of supporting up to 12 linear polarisation (LP) modes (40 eigen modes). The first shows an FMF based on a ring core fiber profile, with a high-index-ring assisting the core, and dual assistance via a depressed core and a depressed clad. The parameters of FMF designs are adjusted using the finite element method (FEM) based on COMSOL Multiphysics tool to study their respective minimum effective refractive index difference (Δneff )min. The proposed annular core fiber (ACF) with depressed inner core (DIC) and depressed clad (DC) with few mode design using special refractive index profile has promising more applications in MDM optical fiber communications. In addition to, it provides a theoretical foundation for the analysis and development of subsequent fiber optics and key components.