الفهرس 
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of SEE and XDCF on growth performance indicators, physiological, hematological, and immunological alterations in male and female Swiss albino mice that had received intraperitoneal administration of dimethyl formamide.
The steps in the search are as follows:
1- Preparation of various sage leaves extracts (SME, SEE, and SHE) and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous cultural filtrate (XDCF).
2- Determination of the phytochemical content in the various sage leaves extracts and total cartooned content in XDCF.
3- Evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of various sage leaves extracts and XDCF.
4- The 36 male and female Swiss albino mice were divided into 12 groups (6 groups of males and 6 groups of females, 3 animals each) and treated with DMF, SEE and XDCF as follows:
I. Control
II. DMF (378 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally every day for 21 days)
III. SEE (100 mg/kg b.w. orally every day for 21 days)
IV. XDCF (3300 µl XDCF / kg b.w. intraperitoneally every day for 21 days)
V. DMF+SEE (378mg/kg b.w. i.p. for 21 days+100mg/kg b.w. orally for 21 days)
VI. DMF+SEE (378mg/kg b.w. i.p. for 21 days+3300 µl/ kg b.w. i.p. for 21 days)
5- Assess the physiological response in both males and females mice exposed to DMF, SEE, and XDCF.
6- Examine the hematological and immunological response in both males and females mice exposed to DMF, SEE, and XDCF.
The most important obtained findings are summarized in the following:
1- In the sage methanolic extract (SME), sage ethanolic extract (SEE), and sage hexane extract (SHE), the TPC, TFC, and TPAC values were 34.22 ± 0.70, 36.35 ± 0.83, 8.57 ± 0.53, 23.45 ± 0.83, 25.19 ± 0.71, 4.15 ± 0.31, 13.45 ± 0.64, 15.22 ± 0.67, and 2.65 ± 0.25 respectively.
2- The total carotenoid content in the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous culture broth was found to be 48.53 ± 3.28 μg/g of yeast.
3- XDCF has the highest H2O2 scavenging activity followed by SEE, SME and SHE respectively.
4- XDCF also showed the strongest anti-inflammatory efficacy, in the same pattern as scavenging hydrogen peroxide. SHE inhibited albumin denaturation to a minor degree while SME and SEE inhibited it to moderate degrees.
5- The XDCF, DMF + SEE and DMF + XDCF administrations significantly reduced the body weight gain and average daily gain of females mice in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, compared to the control group, the feed efficiency of all treated female groups was significantly p ≤ 0.05 depleted.
6- After receiving DMF for 21 days and going untreated for an additional 21 days, the liver percentage of the mice significantly increased in both the males and females. Also, the liver percentages of the SEE and XDCF treated groups did not significantly differ from the control group, demonstrating that these preparations didn’t have an adverse impact on the liver.
7- The kidney percentage displayed a similar pattern to the liver percentage, but the XDCF had more benefits on improving the kidney percentage than the SEE preparation.
8- The DMF treatment significantly reduced the spleen percentage in both males and females. The males and females that received SEE and XDCF after being exposed to DMF for 21 days, recorded spleen percentage values that have been close to those in the control group.
9- The DMF administration for 21 days caused an increase in heart percentage in both males and females. The heart percentage values of the male mice in the DMF + SEE and DMF + XDCF administrative groups were close to those in the control group.
10- DMF administration for 21 days resulted in significant reductions in lung relative weight in male and female mice, respectively in comparison to the control values. SEE administration in males restored the relative weight of the closed lung to that of the control group.
11- No significant differences in the relative weight of the brain were found in any of the administered male and female groups.
12- The RBCs, Hb%, and PCV% of chronically DMF-toxic male and female mice decreased significantly compared to the control group. The administration of SEE and XDCF reversed the alterations in RBCs, Hb, and PCV, and the recorded values were extremely near to the control values.
13- After 42 days of the experiment, DMF administration significantly reduced MCV in female mice in comparison to the control group. However, when DMF was administered to female mice, MCHC significantly rose compared to the control group. The administration of SEE and XDCF restored the changes in MCV and MCHC after exposure to DMF.
14- At the end of the experimental period, there were no significant differences in MCH values in any of the treatment groups.
15- After 42 days of the study period, DMF administration on both male and female mice significantly decreased RDW-SD and RDW-CV respectively. SEE oral administration after DMF exposure restored the RDW-SD and RDW-CV in male mice to control values.
16- The collected results showed no significant differences in MPV values between any of the administered groups.
17- DMF intraperitoneally injection in male mice significantly raised PLT and PDW respectively. Administration of SEE and XDCF following exposure to DMF returned the PDW levels in male mice to control values.
18- After DMF administration, the PCT and P-LCR values were significantly elevated in male mice and significantly decreased in female mice. The PCT and P-LCR are restored to control levels in male mice when SEE was administered following DMF exposure. Similarly, the PCT values in female mice were returned to normal values following the administration of both SEE and XDCF preparations.
19- Male and female mice exposed to DMF had lower white blood cell counts than the control group. White blood cell counts in female mice exposed to DMF were returned to normal by an intraperitoneal injection of XDCF
20- No significant variations in lymphocyte percentage can be seen among all administered groups.
21- The DMF intraperitoneal injection significantly reduced the neutrophil percentage in female mice. Moreover, the neutrophil percentage was not altered by the intraperitoneal injection of XDCF to return it to normal levels in female mice.
In the current investigation, SEE and XDCF attenuated the hazard effects of dimethyl formamide DMF on growth performance indicators, physiological, hematological, and immunological parameters in mice. The antitoxic characteristics of SEE and XDCF shown in this study could be explained by the presence of numerous phytochemicals in SEE such as polyphenols, flavonoids, as well as Carotenoids in XDCF. Finally, the results show that SEE and XDCF can be used as an antitoxic agent and offer a wide range of health benefits.