الفهرس 
Title 9
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Smartphones are considered the most popular electronic devices, especially among young population. It is used for multi-purposes including communication, music, internet access, games, some application and professional fields. Using the smartphone frequently forces the users to adopt an awkward posture leading to an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders and pain. Purpose: To determine the effect of smartphone overuse on craniovertebral angle, endurance of cervical flexor muscles and level of upper extremity functions.Materials and Methods: Sixty adolescents of both sexes were enrolled in this study, their ages ranged from 14 to 18 years. They were assigned into two groups of equal numbers; group (A) using smartphone for less than 4 hours/day and group (B) using a smartphone for more than 4 hours per/day and participants of both groups using smartphones for at least 4 years. The kinova software program was used to detect the craniovertebral angle, pressure biofeedback was used to detect the endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles while the Quick-DASH questionnaire was used to measure the level of the upper extremity functions. Results:Significant decrease was observed in craniovertebral angle, endurance of deep cervical flexors muscles and upper extremityfunctions for both groups (A, B). high significant difference was observed in favor of group B when compared to group A.Conclusion: Smartphones overuse has a negative effect on the craniovertebral angle, endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles and level of the upper extremities functions.