الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
The spine is the defining feature of vertebrates. It is a part of the axial skeleton which important to obtain normal gait. It also supports the skull superiorly and participates in the formation of the pelvis inferiorly.
The aim of the present study was to compare the different morphometric features and function of the different vertebrae between human, horse and pigeon.
The present study was carried out on 3groups of different spine ;
o group (1) 50 randomly selected dry human spine at anatomy department of Sohag, Assuit ,Qena and Al minia faculty of medicine.
o group (2) 50 randomly selected dry horse spine at anatomy department of Sohag, Assuit, Qena and Al minia faculty of veterinary medicine.
o Group(3) 50 randomly selected dry pigeon spine at anatomy department of Sohag, Assuit, Qena and Al minia faculty of veterinary medicine.
Typical cervical ,typical thoracic and typical lumbar vertebrae from each group were used and studied for the The following parameters include (shape of vertebral body, shape of spinal canal , VBW, VBD, VBH, SCW and SCD ).
All measurements were done by using a vernier caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy .
The following results were obtained :
. In the present study , there was complete differences between vertebral column of human, horse and pigeon.
. The shape of body in cervical region was cylindrical in human, appeared long, had median ventral spine on its ventral surface with oval and convex head in horse and small and saddle-shaped in Pigeon.
. The shape of body in thoracic region was medium sized, heart shaped and had 2 demifacets on each side in human, was short, constricted in middle with convex cranial end and concave caudal end and superior, inferior costal facets while in Pigeon fused into a single elongated bone (notarium).
. The shape of body in lumbar region was massive and kidney shaped in human , semielliptical and had distinct ventral crest in horse and fused with sacral and first five of caudal vertebrae to form the synsacrum in pigeon.
Conclusion
This study provided a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative database of the comparative anatomy of vertebrae of the human,horse and pigeon spines.
This descriptive information showed that different morphological and morphometric features of the spine help each species in its function.
Recommendation
We recommend to do this study on large number of samples, use more measurement methods for more accurate assessment and, comparison between human and more species for better understanding about function and biomechanics of vertebral column.