الفهرس 
TitleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The relatively long time it takes to obtain reliable information from radionuclide measurements is a fundamental difficulty in cases like accidents and other emergencies. Thus, prospective assessment of potential exposures is necessary in assessing the hazards and the related consequences for the purpose of establishing an adequate level of emergency preparedness and response. In practice, computer codes are almost always used to estimate downwind pollution. It must be emphasized that such codes can at best provide only an estimate of the radiation exposures to the off-site population. In fact, the estimate is usually in the form of an upper bound. Yet, this remains the one and only tool for prospective radiological environmental impact assessment. In conclusion, the area around the MPR for which emergency arrangements should be made to take both urgent and early protective actions in the event of a nuclear emergency was 0.5 to 2 km. To avoid and minimize severe deterministic effects for the public living around the MPR. The Protective actions within this area are to be taken before or shortly after a release of radioactive material or an exposure, based on prevailing conditions at the facility. The rapid or temporary removal of people from emergency planning zone was best urgent protective action shall be taken in the event of nuclear emergency. In case of the evacuation was not applicable, the sheltering will temporary protective action. Sheltering shall be applied for short time with considering accommodation tools like food and water for people. None of these protective actions should be prevented the distribution of ITB for the public according to schedule. Review and evaluation of the Radiological Emergency and Preparedness Plan was important and shall be done by safety committee of operational organization. The reactor emergency plan shall be compatible with the national emergency plan for the country. In addition, evacuation plan and ITB distribution plan for the workers and public around the reactor shall be updated regarding to population distribution. The review must be done every ten year or if there was a fundamental modification in the safety systems or safety related systems in the reactors or in the standard. The review will include the plans, procedures, preparedness update, equipment and supplies inventory and interfaces with off-site authorities and participating agencies. The operating organization is responsible for developing and maintaining an emergency preparedness program for its staff. The reactor staff must be instructed about the Radiological and Nuclear Emergency and Preparedness Plan. Also, the local authorities that take actions during the emergency situation must have acknowledge about their participation in the accident. Finally, this research work can support the operating organization in developing an emergency plan for the reactor as it provides the expected value of biologically important doses that would be received during the course of the radioactive release. Moreover, this work can be used as a guide for using HOTSPOT as well as ORIGEN codes to determine the source term and accident consequences analysis.