الفهرس 
Ocular ultrasonography in normal and diseased donkeys
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Abstract
Despite the extensive research on ocular ultrasonography, there is paucity of information regarding ocular biometry and color Doppler imaging of the donkey{u2019}s eye. In this study there were two groups of donkeys.The first group (40 animals) was used to establish B-scan ocular biometry and color Doppler ultrasonographic reference values in normal donkeys and to describe effect of laterality, maturity and gender on ocular biometry and vasculature. The second group of donkeys with ocular diseases (45 animals) was used for observing ocular changes by using ultrasonography, detecting changes in blood flow indices in different diseases, and verifying the result by histopathology. Forty (80 eyes) clinically normal immature and mature donkeys of both sexes were included.Transpalpebral ocular ultrasonography was made using a 12-MHz linear transducer. Biometric ocular measurements for the first group were made including the anterior chamber depth, central lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, axial globe length, longitudinal globe length, lens pole diameter and posterior wall thickness. Color Doppler velocimetric measurements including peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity were made. Blood flow indices represented by resistive and pulsatility indices were calculated. Ultrasonographic pictures for animals with ocular lesions were taken, color Doppler velocimetric measurements were calculated, and whenever possible the eye enucleated for histopathological examination. Results revealed that in the first group, laterality and gender did not represent variability factors in ocular biometry (P > .05), while the animal{u2019}s maturity had an influence on axial globe length (P < .001), longitudinal globe length (P = .000) and lens pole diameter (P = .0 0 0). Laterality had no effect on velocimetric parameters and indices (P > .05) while gender had a significant effect on resistive index (P = .024), pulstality index (P = .0 0 0) and volume flow per area (P = .008)