الفهرس 
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Abstract
There are different protein resources from terrestrial and aquatic animals which provide protein. Nevertheless, due to positive health effects and essential compositional features of food, aquatic protein options are preferable. Water covers approximately ¾ of earth area. Fish consider an essential part of human diet in nearly all countries in the world (Mohanty, 2015; Shah and Mraz 2020). Fish play an important role in nutrition, food security and livelihoods. Fish provide the highest-quality protein sources and a wide range of other nutrients especially essential amino acids that human body needs, in addition to fatty acids, vitamins and other vital elements as iodine and selenium which don’t found in other crops or meat (Rai et al., 2014). The minerals exist in fish include iron, calcium, zinc, iodine (from marine fish), phosphorus, selenium and fluorine. These mineral are extremely ‘bioavailable’ once simply taken in by the body. Fish is a good source of vitamin B complex , and liver oil have good amount of fat soluble vitamins A, E, K and D, beside to other vitamins like vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin C (Mohanty, 2015). Fish oil is rich with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) especially omega-3 fatty acids that human body can’t synthesis (Mohanty, 2015). Omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the major building stones of our neural system. It accounts for about 17 percent of the global population’s intake of animal protein. With a growing world population, the demand for fish and fish products is expected to increase as it is considered the cheapest and most available animal proteins compared to other animal protein sources. Fish is considered as an important component for poor people nutrition who depend on staple food (in particular maize, rice and other cereals), but fish help to correct the imbalance calorie/protein ratio where 150 g of fish protein delivers about 50-60% of adult’s daily protein obligation (Mohanty, 2015). It is well known that fish eating has health benefits for adults. Strong evidence underlines how consumption of fish, and in particular oily fish, lowers the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. However, aquaculture sector in Egypt is still under uncertainty in terms of putting a question mark on its sustainability where the effect of ever-increasing waste from aquaculture has bad effects both on productivity within aquaculture systems and on the aquatic environment. In this regard, nanotechnology is quickly evolving as a new forum for science and technology for the next generation of agri-food systems growth and transformation (Rodrigues et al., 2017).