الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Selection of a particular anesthetic regimen is predicated upon the patient’s physical status and temperament, the type of procedure for which anesthesia is being considered, anticipation of perioperative pain, the familiarity with anesthetic drugs, the type of facility and available equipment, the personnel available for assistance, and the cost of anesthetic drugs. Long procedures are best managed with inhalation anesthesia. Injectable anesthesia using intramuscularly or intravenously administered drugs has also been described.
The present study aimed to compare between three anesthetic protocols for long-term anesthesia (2 hours): (1) premedication by xylazine, 1mg/kg, IV, induction, 10 min later, by ketamine, 10mg/kg, IV, and maintenance with isoflurane inhalation anesthesia. (2) premedication by xylazine, 1mg/kg, IV, induction, 10 min later, by ketamine, 10mg/kg, IV and maintenance with propofol, 24mg/kg/h, CRI. (3) premedication by xylazine, 1mg/kg, IV, induction, 10 min later, by propofol, 5mg/kg, IV and maintenance with propofol, 12mg/kg/h, CRI.
The present study carried out on three clinically healthy adult mongrel dogs of both sexes (two males and one non-pregnant, non-lactating female, body weight was 12.6, 15.2 and 18 kg were used. Food and water were withheld for 12 and 6 hours before induction of anesthesia, respectively. Intravenous (IV) cannula (20-gauge) was placed in the cephalic vein for administration of drugs and for blood sampling. A wash-out period of 15 days was allowed between protocols. For all protocols (1, 2, and 3), physiological parameters (HR, RR, RT, BP, OHS, and ECG) were recorded using a patient monitor. Depth of anesthesia was determined by recording palpebral, ear, and anal reflexes. Muscle relaxation was determined by recording jaw opening and tongue withdrawal reflexes. A scoring system (from 1 to 3) was developed to numerically express the values of the reflexes. Times of first limb movement, regaining swallowing reflex and extubation, sternal recumbency, and standing were recorded. Quality of recovery was also recorded. Venous blood samples were collected into EDTA-containing Vacutainer tubes immediately before anesthesia, 10min after induction with ketamine/propofol, one hour and two hours of anesthesia, and after complete recovery for hematological analysis by using an automated machine. Data were recorded and expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed with commercial statistical software. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed slight variations among animals of the three protocols in the physiological parameters. The quality and depth of anesthesia were excellent in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and were good in dogs during propofol infusion. The duration of deep anesthesia during propofol infusion was shorter than isoflurane, with the shortest duration in protocol 3. There were variations among animals of the three protocols in the recovery parameters. The mean scores of the recovery quality were 4.3, 4.7, and 4 for protocols 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which sited between good and excellent scores of recovery. Slight ataxia was recorded in a dog of protocol 1. However, ataxia and urination were recorded in dogs of protocols 1 and 2.
In conclusion, the effect of isoflurane and propofol on physiological parameters of dogs during long-term anesthesia was minimum and recovery was uneventful.
The quality and depth of anesthesia were excellent in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and were good in dogs during propofol infusion. The duration of deep anesthesia during propofol infusion was shorter than isoflurane, with the shortest duration in protocol 3 (12mg/kg/h). Isoflurane provides more reliable and consistent anesthetic plane plus it’s not expensive as propofol. However, it requires special equipment. Propofol achieved effective anesthesia, with fast induction and less hypothermia than isoflurane administration. Apnea was recorded in two dogs after initial induction with propofol