الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hydatid disease is one of the most important helminth zoonoses and is still a significant problem worldwide. Surgery is the best treatment option but is associated with local recurrence or secondary dissemination. Albendazole is the principal anthelminthic drug used for cystic echinococcosis (CE) treatment. However, its low systemic absorption, serious side effects, and protoscolices resistance led to disease recurrence. Therefore, the development of an effective and alternative protoscolicidal agent from essential oils and/ or nano-preparations with no local or systemic side effects is recommended. The present study assessed the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion preparation against E. granulosus protoscolices compared to the common commercial drug, albendazole (ABZ) In the current study, eugenol nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) was prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized. The average particle size and the polydispersity index (PDI) values of Eug-NE were 65 ±11.11 nm and 1.00 respectively as determined by the Zeta Sizer. They were nearly spherical in shape when examined by TEM with a diameter ranging from 20 to 80 nm. The absence of intermolecular interactions between all ingredients was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) The cytotoxicity of various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 µl/ml) of eugenol and Eug-NE was evaluated using MTT assay. The highest concentration (1µl/ml) of eugenol and Eug-NE showed a cytotoxicity level of 8.3% and 7.2%, respectively indicating that the application of eugenol and its nanoemulsion as a protoscolicidal agent would not result in a significant loss in the viability of mammalian cells. Eug-NE showed lower cellular toxicity than eugenol without significant difference (P-value > 0.05). Hydatid cysts of E. granulosus were obtained from lungs and livers of infected slaughtered camels in Bani-Adi and El-Atamina abattoirs and transported to the Parasitology Laboratory, Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University where the study was conducted. Protoscolices were collected by aseptic puncture, assessed for viability by eosin exclusion test, and preserved for the experiment.