الفهرس 
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Abstract
Identification is one of the most significant priorities in the investigation of criminal cases, mass disasters and in forensic concerns. Gender determination is one of the important parameters in forensic identification.
Sex identification, as well as age, and ethnicity play important roles in identifying an unknown individual. Sex identification specifically remains a crucial aspect of identifying unknown human remains in forensic medicine, particularly when it is not possible to obtain whole skeletons or remains for analysis.
Skeletal components most often investigated for gender determination are pelvis and skull with mandible being a practical element to analyse sexual dimorphism in fragmented skeletons. Mandible is the largest, strongest and movable part of the skull. The relative development of the muscles of mastication in assosciation with the difference in the levels of testosterone between males and females is known to influence the expression of mandibular dimorphism.
The present study was designed to compare between mandibular ramus measurements and mental foramen relations on both sides to determine sex through digital panoramic radiography by using Romexis 4.2.r software. The present study included 150 adult patients 75 were males and 75 were females. Their ages ranged from 25 to 50 years. The current study included patients who had dental complaints and attended a Private dental radiology center in Sohag. Age and sex of the patients were recorded.
Through the present study it was found that:
(A) Ramus measurements :-
In the present study, there was no significant statistical difference between the mean values of the right and left Max.R.Br in both males and females. Also there was no significant statistical difference between the mean values of the right and left Min.R.Br regarding males and females.
The present results revealed that, there was significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Max.R.Br in males as compared with females. But there was no significant statistical difference between the mean values of the right and left Min.R.Br in males as compared with females.
The present work revealed that, there was no significant statistical difference between the mean values of the right and left Condylar.R.Ht and Coronoid.R.Ht in both males and females. It was found in the present study that there was high significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Condylar.R.Ht and Coronoid.R.Ht in males as compared with females.
(B) Mental foramen relations:-
In the present study, there was no significant statistical difference between the mean values of the right and left SM-AC, SM-IB and IM-IB in both males and females. The present results revealed also that there was significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left SM-AC in males as compared with females. Also there was high significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left SM-IB and IM-IB in males as compared with females.
The present work revealed that among all measured mandibular ramus parameters the right and left Condylar.R.Ht were the best discriminate variables between genders with overall accuracy of 97% in males and 100% in females.
The present study showed that among all measured mental foramen relations the right and left SM-IB were the best predictors of gender in males and females with accuracy 96% in males and 100% in females with the right variables & 100% in males and 93% in females with the left variables.
conclusion
The present study revealed that:
1-There was no significant statistical difference between right and left sides regarding all measred mandibular and mental foramen parameters in both males and females.
2-There was significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Max.R.Br in males as compared with females.
3- There was no significant statistical difference in the mean values of right and left Min.R.Br between males and females.
4-There was significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left Condylar.R.Ht and Coronoid.R.Ht in males as compared with females.
5-There was significant statistical increase in the mean values of the right and left SM-AC, SM-IB and IM-IB in males as compared with females.
6- The mean values of right and left Condylar.R.Ht and SM-IB were the most correct predictors of both genders.
Recommendations
• It is recommended to use another types of radiation as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or three dimentional computed tomography (3D-CT) as these types will be more accurate than panoramic radiographs in detecting the different landmarks of the measured parameters.
• It is better to use larger sample size than that was chosen in the present work to have the availability to determine a specific range and cut off point to the different parameters.
• It is recommended to select wider range for age group to correlate between different age groups and best parameter in determination of sex in each age group.