الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Onion, lettuce, and green bean are some of the most important vegetable crops cultivated in Egypt where their bulbs, pods, and heads are rich in calcium, some vitamins, proteins, or mineral salts also some amino acids especially lysine and others. It’s cultivated for use as green pods or bulbs and head.
Onion, lettuce, and green bean plants could be attacked during planting, transmission, marketing, or exporting with many fungi such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. cepivorum that causing serious losses and minimize plant stand. So, the present study was suggested as an attempt to investigate the effects of growth and productivity of some vegetable crops as affected by chemical and biological control of white rot disease.
The main plots in onion experiment were divided into Three biological treatments including control (tap water), Trichoderma asperellum (85 g/100 L-1), Pseudomonas fluorescence (500 ml/100 L-1), were applied respectively. These treatments were combined with five chemical treatments (commercial fungicides) and applied as follows: Control, Iprodione (250 g/100 L-1), Tebuconazole with Fluopyram (50 ml/100 L-1), Tebuconazole (188 ml/100 L-1), Azoxystrobin plus Mefenoxam (200 ml/100 L1) distributed in sup plot.
Lettuce experiment, biological and chemical control includes seven treatments, namely Trichoderma asperellum (85 g/100L-1), Salicylic acid (100 g/100L-1), Calcium chloride (200 g/100L-1), Iprodione (250 g/100L-
1), Fluopyram with Tebuconazole (50 ml/100L-1) and Tebuconazole (188 mg /100 L-1).
Green bean experiment, Five biological control treatments, namely Trichoderma asperellum (85 g/100L-1), Bacillus megaterium (250 g/100L- 1), Trichoderma album (250 g/100L-1), Chitosan (200 g/100L-1), and Hydrogen peroxidase (250 g/100L-1) were applied plus three fungicides,
namely Flutolanil (100 g/100L-1), Tebuconazole with Fluopyram (50 ml/100L-1) and Tebuconazole (188 ml/100L-1 ) as well as control treatment.
The results which obtained can be summarized as follows: 1- Onion:
A) Vegetative characteristics:
1. Onion plants applied with Pseudomonas fluorescence or (and) Trichoderma asperellum significantly increased plant length as compared with the control treatment in the two seasons.
2. Onion plants applied with P. fluorescence significantly increased the fresh weight of leaves compared with other biological control treatments in the both seasons. Meanwhile, dry weight of leaves of onion plants were significant increased by T. asperellum treatment in the first season, while, significant increased by P. fluorescence treatment in the second season compared with the other biological control treatments.
3. The differences among biological and chemicals control treatments were insignificant for the values of number of leaves of onion plants in both seasons.
4. Application of exogenous Iprodione treatment significantly increased plant length compared with the other treatments in both seasons.
5. The combination of dipping onions seedling into T. asperellum before planting plus foliar spraying with Iprodione gave the highest values of plant length compared with the other combination treatments.
6. Application of exogenous Iprodione treatment significantly increased fresh and dry weight of leaves compared with the other treatments in the both seasons.
7. The interaction between biological treatments and chemical treatments showed that T. asperellum applied plus Iprodione treatment produced
the highest values of leaf fresh and dry weight in both seasons compared with the other interaction treatments.
B) Yield characteristics:
1. Dipping application of T. asperellum significantly increased total yield as well as marketable yield per feddan, respectively, as compared with the other treatments in the two seasons.
2. The foliar application of Iprodione and Azoxystrobin / Mefenoxam treatments significantly increased percentage of total yield of onion per feddan in the first season compared with other chemical control treatments. But, application of Iprodione, Tebuconazole/Fluopyram, Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin /Mefenoxam was significantly increased total yield of onion per feddan in the second season compared with other chemical control treatments, in the second season.
3. The interaction between biological treatments and chemical control treatments showed that T. asperellum application plus Iprodione or (and) Azoxystrobin/Mefenoxam in the first season and T. asperellum applied Iprodione or Tebuconazole / Fluopyram in the second season, produced the highest values of total yield of onion per feddan comparison with other treatment, respectively.
4. Iprodione applied in the first season and Iprodione or Tebuconazole/Fluopyram or Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin/ Mefenoxam was significantly increased marketable bulb yield of onion per feddan in the second season compared with the other chemical control treatments.
5. Dipping application of P. fluorescence or (and) T. asperellum insignificantly on head diameter as compared with the control treatment in the two seasons, but iprodione gave the highest values in the 1st season but there were no significant differences in the 2nd season compared with the other chemical control treatments.
6. The interaction between various biological treatments and different chemical treatments showed that T. asperellum dipping applied with Iprodione foliar applied treatment produced the highest values of total yield and marketable yield of onion bulbs per feddan, in compared with the control in the two seasons.
C) Chemical constituents:
1. Influence of biological and chemical control of white-rot disease on chlorophyll reading significantly increased of onion plants treated by
P. fluorescence in both seasons.
2. Application of Iprodione or Azoxystrobin/Mefenoxam in the first season and Iprodione only in the second season, significantly increased on chlorophyll reading compared with the other chemical control treatments.
3. Plants applied with P. flouresens plus Tebuconazole treatment in the first season and plants applied with P. flouresens plus Iprodione in the second season produced the highest values of chlorophyll reading compared with the other interaction treatments.
D) Diseases measurements:
1. Application of T. asperellum reduced the disease incidence and disease severity in the both season, respectively, and increased the percent of control efficacy of onion plants respectively, when compared with untreated control.
2. Application of Iprodione significantly reduced disease incidence, disease severity in the both season, also, increasing the percent of control efficiency of onion plants, but Tebuconazole/Fluopyram, Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin/Mefenoxam significantly gave the good values as decreased of disease incidence, disease severity and increase the percent of control efficiency of onion plants in both seasons.
3. T. asperellum applied with Iprodione, Tebuconazole/Fluopyram in the first season and T. asperellum applied with Tebuconazole/Fluopyram, Tebuconazole, Iprodione , and Azoxystrobin/Mefenoxam significantly reduction in disease incidence and increase the percent of control efficiency of onion plants in the both seasons, respectively. While, T. asperellum applied with Iprodione, Tebuconazole/ Fluopyram in the first season and T. asperellum applied with Iprodione in the second season significantly reduction in disease severity.
2- Lettuce:
A) Vegetative characteristics:
4. Iprodione as a chemical control applied significantly increased number of leaves compared with the other treatments in the 1st season. But, salicylic acid treatment significantly increased number of leaves in the 2nd season compared with the other treatments.
5. The foliar application of Iprodione gave the highest values for head fresh weight in the both seasons.
6. The foliar application of Iprodione significantly increased head dry weight compared with other treatments in the 1st season. While, applied Iprodione or calcium chloride significantly increased head dry weight compared with other treatments in the 2nd season.
7. Salicylic acid applied gave the highest values of leaf area in both seasons as a compared with other treatments.
B) Yield characteristics:
1. Applied T. asperellum or Salicylic acid and Iprodione treatments significantly impact on plant head diameter compared with other treatments in the first season, while, Salicylic acid and (or) Iprodione significantly increased plant head diameter compared to other treatments in the second season.
2. Iprodione application produced the highest values of yield per plant compared with the other experiment treatments in both seasons. Also, lettuce plants treated by Tebuconazole and calcium chloride had a moderate effect on the average yield per plant in the both seasons. Finally, the control treatment was the lowest value.
3. Iprodione treatment produced the highest values for total yield and marketable yield as compared with the other experiment treatments in the both seasons. Tebuconazole /Fluopyram in the 1st season, salicylic acid in the 2nd season had good results for total yield and marketable yield in compared with the other treatments.
C) Chemical constituents:
1. Lettuce plants treated by Tebuconazole / Fluopyram and Calcium Chloride in the 1st season and the 2nd season, respectively, significantly increased chlorophyll reading compared with the other treatments.
2. Lettuce plants treated by Tebuconazole /Fluopyram as foliar application and Tebuconazole in the 1st season and the 2nd season, respectively, significantly produced the highest carbohydrates content on dry leaf of lettuce.
D) Diseases measurements:
1. Lettuce plants treated by Iprodione followed salicylic acid in both seasons consecutively reduction of disease incidence compared by control in both seasons.
2. Iprodione and salicylic acid application consecutively reduction of disease severity and increase percent control efficiency of lettuce plants compared with the other treatments in both seasons.
3- Green Bean:
A) Vegetative characteristics:
1. Application of T. asperellum , Bacillus megaterium increased plant length, in the 1st season, bus T. asperellum treatments only produced the highest plant length in the 2nd seasons.
2. Application of Tebuconazole/Fluopyram in the 1st season and T. asperellum and hydrogen peroxide in the 2nd season significantly gave the highest number of leaves compared with other biological and chemical control treatments.
3. Application of T. asperellum and flutolanil in the 1st season and T. asperellum only in the 2nd season significantly produced the highest values of stem diameter,
4. Application of T. asperellum in the 1st season and T. asperellum and Tebuconazole / Fluopyram in the 2nd season significantly produced the highest values of leaves and stems fresh weight.
5. Application of T. asperellum significantly produced the highest values of dry weights of leaves and stems compared to other treatments.
6. Hydrogen peroxide treatment was the second best one affected on number of leaves, and leaf fresh and dry weights.
B) Yield characteristics:
1. Application of Tebuconazole /Fluopyram in the 1st season and hydrogen peroxide in the 2nd season significantly produced the highest values of number of pods per plant compared with other treatments.
2. Application of Tebuconazole/Fluopyram significantly increased yield per plant, yiled per Feddan and marketable yield per feddan compared with the other biological and chemical control treatments.
3. Green bean plants treated by both Trichoderma asperellum and Tebuconazole had a moderate effect on the yield/plant and total and
marketable yields in both seasons. Finally, the control treatment was the lowest.
C) Chemical constituents:
1. Green bean plants treated by Bacillus megaterium and tebuconazole in the 1st season, but chitosan and tebuconazole in the 2nd season significantly increased chlorophyll reading when compared with other treatments.
2. Application of Flutolanil, B. megaterium, T. album, chitosan and tebuconazole /fluopyram in the 1st season and T. album in the 2nd season gave the highest carbohydrates content in dry leaves of green bean.
3. Green bean plants treated by B. megaterium, tebuconazole Flutolanil, chitosan, T. album and hydrogen peroxidase in the 1st season and tebuconazole, hydrogen peroxidase and T. album in the 2nd season significantly increased the total content of protein in the green bean dry pods.
D) Diseases measurements:
1. Application of Tebuconazole/Fluopyram treatment produced the most effective on reduction of white rot disease severity followed Tebuconazole and Hydrogen peroxidase in both seasons, respectively and these values were lower than the other treatments.
2. Application of tebuconazole / fluopyram, significantly increased percent control efficiency on infected plants than Tebuconazole compared with control during the two seasons, respectively. On the other hand, calcium chloride was very weak in effect on the inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiuorum.
Conclusions:
On onion crop
Application by T. asperellum with Iprodione treatment increased yield of onion and reduction disease incidence, severity and increase the percent of control efficiency of onion plants.
On lettuce crop
Application by Iprodione treatment increased total yield and reduction of disease incidence, severity and increase percent control efficiency of lettuce plants.
On green bean crop
Application by, tebuconazole/fluopyram treatment increased yield and reduced the diseases incidence, severity and increased percent control efficiency of green been plants.