الفهرس 
Introduction &Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a systemic disease characterized by a state of hyperglycemia. It is caused by defect in the insulin secretion, insulin action or even both. It is the most common cause of chronic renal disorders and end-stage kidney disease. It is the major cause of dialysis and transplantation. Several abnormalities of the respiratory functions had been reported in diabetic patients.
The present study estimated the effect of two herbal extract ginger (Zingiber officinale) and echinacea and their combination on the kidney and lung of experimentally induced diabetes in adult male rats.
In the present study, 70 adult male rats (30 animals for control group and 40 animals for diabetic group) were used. Control group was subdivided into 3 subgroups; 10 rats for each. Subgroup (Ia) kept without treatment, subgroup (Ib) received echinacea daily in a dose of 100mg/kg for 30 days orally, subgroup (Ic) received ginger daily in a dose of 400mg/kg for 30 days orally. The diabetic group was induced to develop diabetes mellitus by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in a dose of 60 mg/kg. After 72 h, rats had blood glucose below 300 mg/dl were excluded from the study. Diabetic group was subdivided into four subgroups, 10 animals for each, subgroup (IIa) received regular diet, subgroup (IIb) received echinacea daily in a dose of 100mg/kg for 30 days orally, subgroup (IIc) received ginger daily in a dose of 400mg/kg for 30 days orally, subgroup (IId) received ginger daily 400mg/kg and echinacea daily 100mg/kg for 30 days orally.
By the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed after being anaesthetized. Kidneys and lungs were dissected out, fixed and processed for light and electron microscopic study. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were done for the thickness of interalveolar septa, the percentage area of collagen fibers in lung and number of caspase- 3 positive cells and CD68 positive macrophages in both kidney and lung.
Diabetes led to widening of urinary space, congestion of glomerular capillaries, glomerular spacing and degenerative changes in renal tubules. It also caused an increase in the intensity of PAS reaction compared to the control group. Ultrastructurally, kidney of diabetic rats exhibited an increase in the thickness of GBM, effacement of foot processes of podocyte and pyknotic nuclei with vacuoles in renal tubules.
Echinacea treated group exhibited partial improvement of changes in kidney caused by diabetes such as congestion in renal glomeruli, dilatation of urinary spaces and tubular degeneration. A decrease in the intensity of PAS reaction was also found compared to diabetic group. Ultrastructurally, kidney showed a decrease in the thickness of GBM with less vacuoles in renal tubules compared to diabetic group.
Ginger treated group showed improvement of glomerular changes that present in diabetic group. Renal tubules showed partial improvement of degenerative changes and recovery of brush border of proximal tubules. The intensity of PAS reaction also decreased compared to diabetic group. Ultrastructurally, kidney showed a decrease in the thickness of GBM with less vacuoles in renal tubules compared to diabetic group.
In group treated with both echinacea and ginger there was improvement in glomerular and renal changes as well as a decrease in the intensity of PAS reaction compared to diabetic group.
Regarding the lung, diabetes caused a significant increase in the thickness of the interalveolar septa and the area percentage of collagen fibers with narrowing of alveolar lumen. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also observed. Ultrastructurally, pneumocyte type II appeared with numerous vacuoles and disorganized lamellar bodies.
In echinacea treated group, lung exhibited a significant decrease in the thickness of interalveolar septa and area percentage of collagen fibers. Pneumocyte type II exhibited less vacuoles and regular lamellar bodies compared to diabetic group.
In ginger treated group, lung showed a significant decrease in the thickness of interalveolar septa and area percentage of collagen fibers. Pneumocyte type II exhibited few vacuoles and regular lamellar bodies compared to diabetic group.
In group treated with both echinacea and ginger there was improvement in changes of lung caused by diabetes.
Regarding immunoreactivity for both CD68 and caspase 3 in kidney and lung: In diabetic rats, there was a significant increase in both the mean number of macrophages and caspase- 3 positive cells in kidney and lung compared to the control group.
In diabetic groups treated only with Echinacea, only with ginger and both, kidney and lung showed a significant decrease in the mean numbers of macrophages and caspase- 3 positive cells compared to diabetic group.
In conclusion
It is concluded that diabetes caused degenerative changes in kidney and lung of diabetic rats. It also concluded that ginger or echinacea or both had a partial protective effect on the kidney and lung of diabetic experimental animal model.
Recommendations
Further studies on diabetic patients are recommended to prove the efficiency of echinacea and ginger to protect kidney and lung from diabetic complications.