الفهرس 
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Erythrocyte morphological alterations and nuclear abnormalitiesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Forty eight healthy juvenile C. gariepinus of both sexes were classified into four groups (4 fish/tank, three replicates each group). The first one was a control group, and the other three groups were exposed for 15 days to 4-nonylphenol concentrations as 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L respectively. These groups were recovered for 15 days to determine the adverse effect of4-nonylphenol on the brain tissues, brain antioxidants and certain gonadotropin hormones.The neurotoxicity-associated hemato-biochemicals (including erythrocyte morphology and apoptosis) and reproductive alterations including histopathological ones of the gonads as well as certain reproductive hormones were determined. These 4-nonylphenol-induced alterations were also evaluated after a recovery period. So, the results can be summarized in the following points:
1-NP-induced hemato-biochemicalparameters and erythrocyte alterations.
1.1.Hemato-biochemical parameters
The hemato-biochemicalparameters exhibiting significant increased variations with the increase of the 4-NP doses from 0.0 in the control to 0.3 mg/L (AST, ALT, TP, Glu, Cr, and UA) or decreased with such increased doses (RBCs, Hct, WBCs, Alb, and Glo). Similar patterns of significant variations toward increase or decrease were recorded after recovery for 15-days. Such situation referred to the fact that the 15-day recovery period was insufficient to remove the impacts of 4-NP doses in concern.
1.2.Erythrocyte apoptosis and malformations
In erythrocytes, the apoptotic cells were observed in high frequency than the non-apoptotic cells in the 4-NP exposed groups compared to the control one. The apoptotic frequency increased significantly with the increase of the 4-NP doses.
The 4-NP doses have caused some cytotoxic effects such as erythrocytes alterations and apoptosis in a dose-dependent trend. However, such cellular alterations have decreased to a great extent after a recovery period of 15-days in a reverse order.The erythrocytes showed morphologically, different patterns ofdeformed cells in 4-NP-induced fish of C. gariepinus. Thesepatterns includeCrenated cells, Acanthocytes,TearDROP like cells, Sickle cells, Micronucleus, Pale nucleated cell, Redoulex shape cell, Vacuolated cells, Enucleated cell, Amoeboid cell, Eccentric nucleus, Macronucleated cell, and genuine cell.
2-Neurotoxicology of 4-NP.
2.1.Apoptosis, neurotoxicological biomarkers and antioxidant parameters
In brain cells (telencephalon), the apoptotic cells were observed in high frequency than the non-apoptotic cells in the 4-NP exposed groups compared to the control one. The apoptotic frequency increased significantly with the increase of the 4-NP doses. The apoptotic brain cells were found also to be associated with the increased 4-NP doses in correspondence with the 4-NP residues recorded in the brain.
Significant differences between treatments and the control were recorded in all parameters except monoamine oxidase, total protein, and lipid peroxidation. The parameters exhibiting significance between treatments tend to increase with increase of 4-NP doses from 0.0 in the control to 0.3 mg/L (monoamine oxidase and carbonyl protein) or to decrease with such increased doses (acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity).Similar patterns of significance and trend variations toward increase or decrease were recorded after recovery for 15-days except for the total protein which exhibited significant decrease between treatments from 0.0 in the control to 0.3 mg/L and lipid peroxidation which exhibited non-significant decrease between treatments.