الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate ultrasonography as a safe, accurate, noninvasive and in-expensive diagnostic tool for examination and evaluation of farm animals’ (horses, donkeys, cattle and buffalos) pelvis. As well as, it provides detailed description (shape and measurements) of a complete transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the pelvis in these animals. This study was conducted on 60 mature animal (30 horses and 18 donkeys, 6 cattle and 6 buffalos), the horses were 13 to 25 years old and 350 to 500 Kg BW, while, the donkeys were 7 to 20 years old and 150 to 250 Kg BW, the cows were 5 to 8 years old and 300 to 450 Kg BW and the buffalos were 5 to 10 years old and 500 to 550 Kg BW. Examination of pelvis was conducted in two ways, trans-cutaneous and trans-rectal examination. Transcutaneous examination was conducted in the following sequence; examination of TS, D-DSIL & TLF, L-DSIL, IW, TC followed by examination of IB, HJ and finally 3rd T, TI and pelvic musculature. Transrectal examination was conducted in the following sequences; examination of PS, IT, OF followed by examination of the pubis, medial aspect of acetabulum and IB and finally the SIJ and ventral aspect of the sacrum. The pelvic bones appeared smooth contentious hyperechoic arches with varying shapes (straight, curvilinear, convex or concave lines), the pelvic ligaments appeared echogenic structures with longitudinal striations, while the muscles appeared hypoechoic with echogenic striation.
By comparing the right side of horses with right sides of donkeys, cattle and buffaloes and the left side of horses with the left sides of donkeys, cattle and buffaloes there were no significant difference between the examined animals concerning distance between TS and skin surface and the thickness of D-DSIL and TLF. However, there were significant difference between the examined animals concerning the mean distances between the most dorsal points of both TS, the distance between S1 and medial aspect of TS, the thickness of L-DSIL, Cross sectional area of both D-DSIL and TLF and the width of the SIJ. In conclusion, ultrasound proved to be an accurate and useful diagnostic tool for examination and evaluation of pelvis in farm animals. The obtained results can be used as a reference data for future pelvic evaluation in these animals.