الفهرس 
Effect of amino acids on physiological and biochemicalOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was conducted in the Poultry Physiology laboratory, faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt Chicken (Broilers). A total number of 144, one day old, unsexed broiler chicks were obtained from a local hatchery. They were divided into six treatment groups and subjected to different treatment for four weeks from the second week until the fifth week of age. The treatments were: control, 0.5g amino acid/ L of drinking water, 1.0g amino acids / L of drinking wate, 0.5g Creatinine /L of drinking water, 1.0g creatinine / L of drinking water and combining treatment of 0.5g amino acid and 0.5g Creatine / L of drinking water. The obtained data were subjected to one way analysis of variance by using the general linear model procedure (GLM) of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1994). Differences between means were detected by Duncan’s multiple range and F test (Duncan 1955). Data were tabulated and summarized and as follows:-
Productive responses
1- Live Body Weight (g):-
At early stages of broilers growth, there were no significant differences in broilers live body weight in all treatment.
The increment of body weight during the first week is about 68 to 76 gram per week in all treatments. In the third week of broilers treatments significant differences between treatments had been recorded.
The treatment with amino acids either 500 mg or 1000 mg/L of drinking water led to higher growth rate than the growth rate of broilers treated with Creatine and control.
The obtained data clearly indicated that live body weight in broilers treated with amino acids or Creatine separately is higher than the live body weight of broilers treated with the mixture of Creatine and amino acids.
It could be concluded that both amino acids and Creatine improve body weight growth and chick’s performance especially when they treated seperatly. For instance, the live body weight was increased by about 30 % when the broilers treated with 1000 mg AA/L drinking water.
2- Body Weight Gain (BWG):-
During the first week of broiler chick’s age, BWG slightly affected with different treatments with significant differences between them.
Creatine treatments recorded a slight increase in BWG than other treatments (75.09gm). During the period from 1-3 weeks of broiler chickens age all used treatments were superior to the control one.
The highest values of BWG (580.66gm) was obtained with 0.5gm of AA without significant difference between this treatment and those treated with 1.0g AA.
During the period from 3-5 weeks of age the highest values of BWG were detected by T3 (1.0gm AA), T4 (0.5gm Creatine) and T5 (1.0gm Creatine) without significant differences between them.
The combined treatment (T6) was recorded the least value (1306.98gm) of BWG compared with other used treatments. Data recorded for the whole growing period (1d-5weeks) showed that all used treatments were superior to control and AA either at 0.5gm or 1.0gm were superior to other treatments.
3- Biochemical Responses Total Protein:-
The highest value (7.46) was recorded by the combined treatment included (0.5gm AA + 0.5gm Creatine). The other treatments (0.5gm AA, 1.0gm AA, 0.5gm Creatine and 1.0gm Creatine) were similar in their effect on total protein without significant differences between them.
Albumin content behaved in a different manner where the treatments from T3-T6 exhibited a similar non-significant values wherever T2 (0.5gm AA) recorded the least albumin value (3.52).
Globulin data showed that all used treatments were effective in increasing globulin level than control. The highest value of globulin (3.45) was recorded by the treatment T6 (0.5gm AA + 0.5gm Creatine). The other treatments from T2 to T5 were similar in their effect on globulin level without significant differences between them.
No significant effects of the used treatments were detected on Albumin/Globulin ratio (A/G ratio).
Lipids Profile:-
A great effect to AA and Creatine supplemented to drinking water on lipid profile of broiler chicks was recorded. Triglycerides (TG) data showed that used treatments exhibited less values than control without significant differences either between them or control.
Triglycerides was recorded (61.56 mg/dl) in control compared to (47.16 – 50.03 mg/dl) as an average for different treatments.
Cholesterol (CHOL) values, due to the applied treatments, showed that non-significant differences were detected between different treatment or control. Cholesterol values were (77.26 mg/dl) in control against to (46.40 – 71.50 mg/dl) in different treatments.
High density lipoprotein (HDL) values showed that T3 (1.0gm AA) recorded the highest value of HDL (23.03 mg/dl) followed by T6 (0.5gm AA + 0.5gm Creatine) (22.0 mg/dl).
T5 treatment group recorded similar value of HDL than control, whereas T2 and T5 were similar in their effect on HDL levels. Additionally, Low density lipoprotein (LDL) exhibited a similar trend due to the applied treatments to those found in HDL data. LDL values in control was (45.28 mg/dl) compared to (37.90-45.32 mg/dl) in different treatments.
5- Liver and Kidney Function Indicators:-
The indicators of liver and kidney function including Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Uric acid (UA), Creatinine (CRE), and Urea levels were greatly affected with different applied treatments.
AST levels recorded higher values than control without significant differences between them but highest value of AST (69.40) was obtained with T5 (1.0gm Creatine). Although T2, T3, T4 and T6 recorded higher values of AST than control but it didn’t reach the level of significant, with control.
Data of ALT showed that all applied treatments were higher than control in increasing the level of ALT and the highest value (72.63) was recorded by mixed treatments (0.5gm AA + 0.5gm Creatine ). The treatment of 0.5gm AA recorded the lowest value than other treatments.
UA as an indicator of liver and kidney functions showed that all used treatments significantly decreased UA values than control. Non-significant differences between different treatments were detected. UA value in control was (17.93) whereas the used treatments exhibited less values ranged from (12.50-15.16).
Urea levels of broiler chicks as a result of applied treatments showed that T2, T3, and T4 were similar to control without significant difference between them.
6- Antioxidant Indicators:-
The indicators of antioxidant defense system of broiler chicks including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
TAC values showed that all used treatments except T3 were similar to control without significant difference between them. However, T6 was the effective treatment in recording TAC values less than other treatments.
MDA level showed that T3 was recorded the least value (20.5), however, the highest MDA value (29.3) was recorded by T6 followed by T4 which recorded (28.73). Regarding SOD values, it is clear that all used treatments were effective in increasing the values of SOD than control expect T2 which exhibited less value than control.
No significant differences were recorded between T3 and T4 which exhibited similar non-significant values. The highest value of SOD (85.87) was obtained with T6 which means that the combination between AA and Creatine has as a synergistic effect to SOD value.
7- Immunity Indicators:-
It is clear that AA and Creatine supplementation to drinking water greatly affected immunoglobulins in their three forms (G, M, A).
Values of IgG showed that all used treatments recorded higher values than control and the highest IgG value was recorded with T6. Generally, IgG value in control was (475.03) compared to (604.06-673.63) in different treatments average.
IgM values were higher in all treatments than control but T2 didn’t reach to the significant level to control. The higher value of IgM (15.2) was obtained with T6 without significant differences between all used treatments.
IgA value as an immunity indicator showed that all used treatments were superior than control increasing IgA, the highest value of IgA (156.9) was recorded by T6 which means that both AA and Creatine in combining treatment were effective in increasing immunity indicators included IgG, IgM and IgA.
8- Metabolic Hormone Indicators:-
Data showed that the experimented treatments in this research greatly affected the metabolic hormones indicators including Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
Regarding IGF-1 data, it is clear that T2 (35.97) and T6 (33.76) decreased the obtained values of IGF1 than control. Moreover, T3 treatment recorded (43.16), T4 (45.83) and T5 (40.43) which were superior than control.
The increase of IGF-1 with some treatments are similar to the data on body weight gain which previously discussed.
Triiiodothyronine (T3 hormone) data showed that all used treatments recorded higher values of T3 treatment than the control expect T6 (3.49).
Thyroxin hormone (T4 hormone) data showed that no significant differences were detected between the used treatments or control, although all applied treatments recorded a slight increase than control.
Thyroxin hormone T4 ranged from 20.14 (control) to 24.42 in the used treatments in broiler chicks under study.
9. Haemotolgical Indictors:-
Hemoglobine (Hb) concentration was significantly higher in chicks from T2 than the other treatments, where as the lowest level was recorded for T1 and T5 without significant difference between the other treatments expect T3.
The number of RBCs was significantly higher in all treatments compared with T1 (control) and (AA+ Creatine) which had the lowest RBCs count.
Packed cell valume (hematocrit) percentages had the same trend as RBCs counts.
Haematological indices in terms of mean corpuscular volume (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly effected by different treatments with the best results being recorded for T3 treatment in terms of MCHC, Hb and MCH concentration.
10- Histologyical indicators:-
Histopatological sections from kidney showed obvious change in the normal structure of kidneys of treated groups compared to control. In this concern T2, T3 and T4 treatment have better kidney structure compared by T5 and T6 treatments showed.
Kidneys of T5 and T6 treatments showed disrupting appearance of the main collecting ducts, in the epithelial lining of nephrons and the presense of many necrotic areas especially in the T6 treatments (AA+Creatine).
Creatine at high level (1g) appears to have deleterious effects on kidney archicture of broiler chicks.
Liver histology showed many changes related to different treatments, when compared by the control section.
Liver sections from T1, T2, T3, and T4 showed normal hepatocyles accompanied by some level dependent focal area, necrosis and enlarged central ueins, especially in large doses.
The worse effect of treatments on liver histology was obserued in creatine treatments and T6 (AA+Creatine) where, many congested areas and kupffer cell around the bike ducts and blood sinuses could be seen.
The histological examination of lymphoid organs (Bursa of fabricius and Thymus gland) showed several changes related to the applied treatments.
Bural follicles size and number were greatly affected by treatments were, results showed that AA supplementeation to drinking water of broiler had a positive effect on bursa histology as the cortex area of the bursal follicles was increased indicative of more immunoglobulins secetion from B-lymphocytes.
It appears also that creatine treatments and AA+Creatine treatments had a negative impact in bursa function of broilers
Thymus gland histology was enhanced by AA supplementation with the best results being for T4 and T3 treatments respectively.
Creatine treatments had a negative effect on the cortex to medulla ratio of thymic lobules indicative of lower response to different treatments.
Conclusion and recommendation:-
Results of present study demonstate that supplementing AA to drinking water of broiler chicks which fed low protein diet could be used as an effective mean for enhancing and improving productive and immunity of birds. Moreover, creatine supplementation level either alone an in combination with amino acids faild to exert an abvious effect on performance of broilers. Hence, amino acids supplementation and to lesser extert the low creatine level. Can be one of the novel alternatives to the expensive immunity stimulators in broiler chicks feeding. Since, our results recommend a level of 0.5 gram AA per liter of drinking water to be used in broiler chicks that fed low protein diet. Further work in needed however, to elucidate the economical efficiency of such supplementations and the effective role of each AA.