الفهرس 
CHAPTER I: Anatomy of penis and male urethra ……..…Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urethral stricture is a common problem in urology. The traditional therapeutic methods, including urethral dilatation and cold knife urethrotomy,the one that is most appealing to urologists and patients is Dviu, it is a minimally invasive, endoscopic procedure.The effectiveness of that method is estimated to range from 35.0% to 57.5%. Laser urethrotomy is used in the hope of reducing the recurrence rate of the cold-knife urethrotomy by both cutting and vaporizing the scar tissue thought to be responsible for these recurrences. Although open surgical reconstruction of wide end-to end urethral anastomosis has high success rate and it is regarded as the gold standard by most of the researchers. No one can deny its morbidity, including the significant blood loss and long hospitalization. But endoscopic methods offer low-invasive treatment that is safe for patients and associated with virtually no complications. Additionally, endoscopic treatment reduces the period of hospitalization and convalescence, allowing patients to return to full occupational activity in a shorter time. The endoscopic Ho: YAG laser incision appears to be less traumatic and less morbid, with high success rate. During the last decade, several lasers have been used for endoscopic surgery. The major advantages of using a laser include less blood loss and a shorter hospital stay which is the same as endoscopic cold knife urethrotomy . The choice of surgical technique depends mostly on the experience of the surgeon and the endourologic facilities of the medical center.
Commonly used medical lasers include the Nd: YAG, KTP, Ho:YAG , argon, and diode. The absorption by tissues is deepest, at 4 to 5 mm, with the Nd: YAG and diode lasers, followed by 1 to 3 mm with the KTP and argon lasers. The Ho: YAG laser displays the shallowest absorption 0.5 mm. Thus, this laser has the least effect on surrounding tissues and is presumed to induce less formation of scar tissue.