الفهرس 
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Abstract
English summary
The thesis include Aim of the work and three main chapters
Aim of the work
The work oriented to prepare and characterize new series of metallic Mn(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mg(II), Cd(II), Ba(II), and Ag(I), complexes of Quinoxaline aiming to study their effects in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma disease.
I- Introduction This chapter includes an overview of previous researches for complexes of hydrazone ligands and their application.
II- Experimental
This chapter contains the chemical and instruments used in the practical part of thesis as follow:
1) Preparation of Quinoxaline ligand and its metal complexes.
2) characterization of the ligand and its complexes using:
• Physical techniques such as molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility
• Elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl and M).
• Spectral techniques as IR, UV- Vis., 1HNMR, mass spectra and ESR measurements.
• Thermal techniques as DTA and TGA.
3) Measurement of antitumor activity
iv. Results and discussion
This chapter includes characterization of the ligand and its complexes. The ligand was prepared as follow:
1- Dropwise addition of (16.6 g, 1.0 mol) oxalic acid in 30 cm3 ethanol to o-phenylene diamine (20.0g , 1.0mol) dissolved in 20cm3 of ethanol solution. The mixture was refluxed with stirring for 2 hours and then left to cool at room temperature.
2- The ethanolic solution of 1,4 dihydroquinoxaline 2,3 dione (10.0g , 1.0mol ) was added to ethylene diamine (1.85g, 0.5 mol) dissolved in 30 cm3 ethanol . The mixture was stirred and refluxed for three hours at 300 0C, then left to cool at room temperature. The solid product was filtered off and dried under vacuum over anhydrous CaCl2.
3- Filtered off the formed 1,4 dihydroquinoxaline 2,3 dione precipitate and left it to dry at room temperature.
The reaction of the ligand (H2L) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Mg(II), Ag(I), and Ba(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS, ESR) spectroscopy, (magnetic moments, conductance) measurements, (elemental and thermal) analysis. All metal complexes are colored, crystalline solids, non-hygroscopic, and air stable solids at room temperature without decomposition for a long time. The complexes are insoluble in water, ethanol, methanol, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile and chloroform, but appreciably soluble in both dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The IR spectral data show that, the Schiff base behaves as a neutral tetra dentate ligand bonded to the metal ions through the azomethine nitrogen atom and Oxygen atom. Molar conductance in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid copper(II) complex (8), and (10) have been carried out. The spectra showed that, the complexes (9), (13), (14), (19) and ( 20 ) exhibited isotropic signals with giso values = 2.12, 2.09, 2.07,2.06 and 2.1,indicating distorted octahedral structure with covalent bond character. The cytotoxic activity of the quinoxaline ligand (1) and its some metal complexes (2), (4), (8), (12),(14),(15),(16),(17) and (20) was evaluated against human liver HepG2 cancer cell, (HepG2 cell line) within 0.1–100 𝜇g/L concentration range. Most complexes displayed significantly cytotoxic activities compared to Doxrubien standard drug. Zinc (II) complex (4) showed the highest cytotoxicity effect with IC50 value of zero 𝜇M, followed by complex (17) with IC50 value 7.3 𝜇M and then complex (15) with IC50 value 11.4 𝜇M.