الفهرس 
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Abstract
TMD is a wide term describing a wide range of clinical complaints affecting multiple orofacial structures. It has serious effects on the patient’s quality of life. The causes of TMD have been a controversial matter for a long time, with agreement among researches that it has a complex and multifactorial etiology. This led to the transformation from biological model that explains the disease only in terms of an underlying physical mechanism, into the biopsychosocial model, that include complex and dynamic interaction among social, cultural, psychological, and physiological factors.
One of the important factors related to TMDs, is PS. The relation between PS and TMD is well established by many researchers, but most of these studies are epidemiological reports, clinical observations, and questionnaire surveys with only a limited number of well controlled animal researches studying the ability of PS to cause direct pathological effects on TMJ tissues.
The current study was performed to evaluate the inflammatory and pathological effects of PS on TMJ tissues. We conducted the study on two groups of rats; a CTRL group and a PS group subjected to PS.
Certain inflammatory cytokines, histopathological and ultrastructural features were evaluated. The results revealed significant increase in experimental group when compared to the control group regarding two of the tested cytokines. Obvious histopathological and ultrastructural changes were observed in the condylar surface of the experimental group.
These results indicate that PS has a direct effect on TMJ and this should be taken into consideration in diagnosis and management of TMD patients.