الفهرس 
The venous component and left lateral ridgeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Although the incidence of mitral stenosis (MS) has decreased in developed countries, MS still results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obstruction of antegrade flow from the left atrium (LA) to the left ventricle results in pressure and volume overload of the LA. Mitral stenosis severity can be graded by echocardiography; however, heart failure symptoms do not correlate with echocardiographic parameters. Proper atrial function plays an important role in determining atrial pressure and in maintaining blood flow across the stenotic valve. The newly developed real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is useful in assessing LA volumes and function. Left atrial dysfunction (represented as impaired LA reservoir and booster pump function using RT3DE has been observed in association with rheumatic MS. However, the clinical role of RT3DE has rarely been studied in MS This study aimed to identify the determinants of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class in patients with MS and to investigate the relationship between left atrial volumes and function by RT3DE and heart failure symptoms.