الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Sore nipples are one of the most common complaints of new mothers and are one of the most frequent reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding sooner than they intend to (Riordan, 2005). Numerous methods of healing sore and cracked nipples have been used, including the application of human milk, tea bags, Masse cream, lanolin cream, and breast shells. A common therapeutic approach to sore nipples presently consists of application of human milk, modified lanolin (medical grade), and the wearing of breast shells. In none of the published studies, however, has any method been completely efficacious, and sore nipples remain a frustrating clinical dilemma. This prompted the investigation of alternative treatment methods and to test their safety and efficacy (Jennifer et al., 2009). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of pharmacological & non pharmacological methods on traumatic nipples for lactating mothers. The study was carried out at the Postnatal Inpatient Maternity Unit at Ain Shams University Hospital. The study started on 17-5 2011 and ended in 17-5-2012. Purposive sample technique was used to recruit 150 lactating mothers suffering from nipple trauma based on the following criteria: breastfeeding with painful and damaged nipples during first three month after childbirth, different types of delivery, different parity, medically diagnosed for damaged nipples, and healthy (free from medical disease) women, with healthy infants. A pilot study was conducted on 15 women (10% of the total sample) to evaluate the applicability and reliability of the constructed tools. The results obtained from the pilot study were then used as a guide for any necessary modification of the study title, setting, subjects, resources or data collecting tools. Data were collected through three tools : a) a structured interview sheet developed to collect the mothers’ data and knowledge; b) Visual Analogue Scale conducted to assess the degree of pre/post intervention nipple pain; c) Nipple Trauma Score (NTS) conducted to assess the degree of pre/post intervention traumatic nipple.Mothers were randomly divided into 2 groups. The first group used pharmacological method lanolin ointment; the second group used nonpharmacological methods and diveded into group A&B.group A used Teabag Compress while group B used breast milk after each feeding for 14 days to relieve traumatic nipple. The Researcher asked the subjects to rate the nipple pain they experienced during breastfeeding by marking their pain intensity level on a visual analog scale (VAS) form given to them ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most intense pain imaginable). Then an assessment of nipple trauma score was made through the description of the scores given on VAS. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted during 7th &14th days of intervention to assess the improvement and any problems arising. The study arrived at the conclusion that most of mothers didn’t have any reaction toward nipple trauma in the first days of delivery. The majority of mothers have poor knowledge of breastfeeding and traumatic nipple. It was also concluded that lanolin, tea bag compress, and breast milk had the same effect of relieving traumatic nipple. In the light of the results of the study the researcher recommends: 1- Developing a counseling program for women during pregnancy and immediate postpartum period about prevention and treatment of traumatic nipple. 2- Establishing education center at inpatient postnatal unit in the hospital to facilitate the follow-up of cases . 3-Establishing of breast feeding support group. 4- Conducting further research to determine the factors affecting the treatment of nipple trauma 5- Carrying out more studies to assess the effect of breastfeeding position on the occurrence of nipple trauma . |