الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
In the present study, extra-efforts were devoted to further investigate and examine the toxicity of calactin, calotoxin and calotropin as expiramental phytochemical extracted groups from Calotropin procera plant and/or the entomopathogenic effects of Bacillus thuringensis isrealensis (Bti) HD-1 strain bacteria against the house fly; Musca domestica , that represent one of the most important mechanical pathogens transmitters.The objective of our research is to test the effect of LC30 of each expiramental phytochemical extracted group of C.procera , the susceptibility of M.domestica adult that previously treated with the experimental phytochemical groups ,separately, to LC30 (Bti) as well as the synergestic impacts of (Bti) and each experimental phytochemical extracted group of C.procera on some biochemical, histopathological and developmental aspects of M. domestica and recommend the most efficient that act as natural insecticide as well as safe to man, animal ,plant and environment when used as alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling M.domestica.This Research is subdivided into these main catagories:The effect of the experimental phytochemical groups of C.procera on the development of M.domestica :The results clarified that calotropin had been induced the longest developmental period, the shortest adult longevity for both males and females and the lowest body weight followed calatin then calotoxin, respectively.. The susceptibility of M.domestica adult to the bacterial pathogen; Bacillus thuringensis isrealensis (Bti):The susceptibility tests of M.domestica adult that treated with three experimental phytochemical groups of C. procera plant to (Bti) declared that the different concentrations of (Bti) clearly affected the percentage of observed adult mortality that directly proportional with the concentration. The highest susceptibility for (Bti) was detected with calactin followed by calotoxin the calotropin, respectively. The effect of (Bti) LC30 on some biochemical parameters of M.domestica adults treated with the expiremental phytochemical groups of C.procera:
I. Quantative Analysis (The effect on the total protein content):. The effect on the haemolymph total protein content:In Bti-treated M.domestica, there was a significant decrease in the total haemolymph protein of adults that treated with calotropin, then those treated with calactin followed by those treated with calotoxin, respectively.. The effect of the mid gut total protein content A significant decline in the total mid gut protein was reported for Bti-treated M.domestica, adult insects treated with the experimental phytochemical groups. It was clearly proved that the total protein content of bacterial treatment showed the highest indications, conversely, the lowest value was resulted from calotropin treatment while Calactin and calotoxin both induced in between values.II. Qualtative Analysis (The effect on the protein profile)The protein profile of the heamolymph, mid gut and chitinase enzyme of M.domestica adults had been greatly affected regarding the molecular weight and the relative mobility as well as the number and the types of the protein bands.. The effect of (Bti) LC30 on the haemocytes of M.domestica adults treated with the expiremental phytochemical groups of C.procera (Immunological Studies):I. The Differential haemocytes counts (DHCs):The percentages of different haemocyte types were varied due to (Bti) treatment for M. domestica treated with experimental plant groups at 48 hr post- treatmentIn the group that was treated with calotropin, the percentage of prohaemocytes decreased, while, it had been completely diminished in the group treated with calactin and calotoxin. Regarding the plasmocytes, results showed the increase in their number in all treated groups As for granulocytes, clear DROP in all treatment had been detected. The oenoctoids count had been decreased in M.domestica adults treated with calotoxin, while, increased in those groups that treated with calactin, calotropin, respectively.II.The total haemocytes count:The total haemocyte counts values showed a significant decrease by the treatment with LC30Bti and the experimental phytochemical groups; calactin, calotoxin and calotropin, respectively.III.The Discribtion of Haemocytes :Certain pathological consequences were observed in the M.domestica haemocytes adults (treated with the three experimental phytochemical extracted groups of C. procera; calactin , calotropin & calotoxin) due to the treatment with LC30 of (Bti) at 48 hr post-treatment. The prohaemocytes showed degeneration in the nucleus.The plasmocytes showed distortion of the cell membrane, vacuolization in the cytoplasm, and irregular amoebic shape nuclei. There is degeneration in cell wall of granulocytes and radiated cytoplasm. Some cells have irregular shapes . In the case of treated oenocytoids, it is clearly shown that these cells became irregular in shape with vacuolated and degenerated cytoplasm.. The histopathological effects of (Bti) LC30 on M.domestica treated with the expiremental phytochemical groupsof C.procera:I. The Midgut:The microscopic examination detected many histopathologic symptoms that represented by various damages induced in the anterior part of the midgut. In the midgut of M. domestica adults treated with calactin, there was fading of cellular boundaries, vacuolization and ,in some areas, the epithelial cell layer had been disintegrated and sloughed in the gut’s lumen.. With the treatment by Bti ( LC30) , the basal part of epithelial cells were disintegrated and separated from the muscle of the mid gut. M. domestica treated with treated with calotoxin showed cells disorganization and lysis in some areas. Cell boundaries disappeared .With the treatment by Bti( LC30) , severe epithelial cells damages and disintegrations are clearly shown. Treatment with calotropin induced drastic damages in the epithelial cells and detachment of the basement membrane. Degeneration of the epithelial columnar cells boundaries with absence of nuclei and vacuolization. . M. domestica, treated with Bti (LC30), treated with calotropin were the most susceptible group to Bti., the epithelial cells appeared to be completely disorganized and disintegrated downwardly. Some of these cells were sloughed in the gut’s lumen and destroyed. The basement membrane and surrounding muscles seemed to be destroyed. Detachment of microvilli from epithelial cells and degeneration of basement membrane.
II.The Integument:
It is quite clear that the treatments of 3rd larval instar reflects abnormalities in the cuticle that represented through the histopathological symptoms induced by (Bti) LC30 with the tested phytochemical groups (calactin, calotoxin and calotropin). The treatment with Bti and calactin induced indistinction and separation of the epidermal cells layer from the endocuticle as well as irregular thickness in the exocuticle in certain areas.
Drastic pathological abnormalities were shown in the integument as a result of M.domestica treatment with (Bti) LC30 and calotoxin. Intensive degenerations of the epidermal cells and the cuticle in certain spots and their separation as well in other areas. The integument of M. domestica treated with (Bti) LC30 and calotropin exhibited severe pathological symptoms as clear reduction in the cuticle thickness in certain areas and its detachment and separation from the degenerated epidermal cells. The effects of Bti (LC30) on M. domestica treated with the experimental phytochemical extracted groups of C. procera on the morphological development of M. domestica:. In the larval stageThe topical application of the tested phytochemical groups of C.procera on early 3rd larval instar of M. domestica resulted in various morphological deformities. Most of the treated larvae are able to pupate, yet failure in successful metamorphosis by most candidates are reported. Hyper pigmentation and cuticular bleb are clearly shown .ii. In the pupal stage:C-shaped larvae and larval-pupal intermediates with the last larval instar segmented skin are observed. Hyper pigmented, under-sized, constricted body shaped pupae and deformed pupae were reported which failed to emerge successfully to adults.iii. In the adult stage:Incomplete adults enclosed in the puperium were the most observed. This varied from a partial to complete enclosed adults with legs or wings that still attached to the puparium.