الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
El-Manzala Lake is bounded from the north by the Mediterranean Sea and they are connected together by three estuaries. The lake receives about 9.0 billion cubic meters per year of drainage water from five drains, most of them from southern part of the lake. Bahr El-Baqar drain is the largest source of pollution, extending from South Cairo to the governorates of Qaliubiya, Sharqiya, Ismailia and Dakahlia. The drain has a total daily discharge of about 7 million cubic meters, of which 1.5 million cubic meters is sewage. The drain carries large quantities of organic and inorganic pollutants including nitrates, bacteria, heavy metals and toxic organic materials. The scope of this thesis is to model the current hydrodynamic and water quality condition in the lake. Different scenarios are investigated that may lead to enhance the existing hydrodynamics and water quality conditions of the lake and the Mediterranean Sea. Principle component analysis (PCA) is applied to assess the relationship between water quality parameters for El-Manzala Lake. A hydrodynamic model (Delft3D software developed by Deltares) has been calibrated using water level measurements at the lake entrance (Inlet), while the water quality process constants and rates have been calibrated based on the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) field measurements. Tide, wind, precipitation, evaporation, drainage effluents, and different water quality substances were modeled including Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammonium (NH4), Nitrates (NO3), and Salinity. the effect of each enhancement proposal on the hydrodynamics and water quality has been simulated and analyzed. Eight scenarios were proposed to enhance the hydrodynamic behavior and water quality inside the lake; 1- decrease the discharge of Bahr El-Baqar drain, 2- construct Ray Channels, 3- Open New Inlet, 4- Open New Inlet with Ray Channels, 5- construct El- Batt Canal, 6- decrease Bahr El- Baqar drain, constructing ray channels and a new canal (El-Batt Canal), 7- decrease Bahr El-Baqar drain and open New Inlet with Ray Channels, 8- decrease Bahr El-Baqar drain, open New Inlet with ray channels and a new canal (El-Batt Canal). The obtained result and the proposed methodology have a potential importance for a variety of decision makers as a decision support system tool, with the aim of improving the ecological situation in El- Manzala Lake or any other similar coastal lakes. Finally, the best scenario is decreasing Bahr El-Baqar drain discharge, constructing ray channels and construct a new canal (El-Batt Canal) are recommended to improve the water quality inside the lake and near the inlet and limiting the stagnant locations inside the lake more than other enhancement scenarios.