الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Cleaner Production (CP) process is defined as the continuous application of an integrated, preventive strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment.
Cleaner production is an approach to environmental management that aims to improve the environmental performance of products, processes and services by focusing on the causes of environmental problems rather than the symptoms.
Dairy processing occurs world-wide; however, the structure of the industry varies from country to country. In less developed countries, milk is generally sold directly to the public, but in major milk producing countries most milk is sold on a wholesale basis.
The present study has two main aims; first is studying methods of applying cleaner production techniques to maximize economical and environmental benefits in the dairy industry, second is studying the suitable methods to reduce, treat and reuse the whey generated as a byproduct which is the main problem in the dairy industry.
The present study has the following objectives:
1. Identifying the environmental problems in whey production and usage.
2. Analyzing outputs to apply cleaner production techniques.
3. Studying and preparation of the bench scale pattern to establish cleaner production technique for suitable use of whey.
4. Proposing a small-scale treatment plant (mobile unit) for the whey treatment and reuse.
The present study consists of the following chapters:
1. Chapter I (Introduction):
This chapter including background about the cleaner production process in dairy industries. The chapter provides the benefits of application of cleaner production strategy in dairy industries. In addition, the chapter covers the situation of dairy industries in Egypt. Water and energy consumption in dairy industries were also mentioned in this chapter. The chapter also, discussed the objective, scope and main aim of the study.
2. Chapter II (Literature review):
This chapter covered the description of dairy industry process through recent published research papers and reports; which include; raw material inputs and pollutants outputs in the dairy industries, environmental impacts and environmental indicators of dairy industries.
The chapter also, mentioned in previously, the environmental guidelines in dairy industries processes which include; site selection, air quality, noise, solid wastes and wastewater quality. It also, mentioned the wastewater production processes and methods of disposal. In addition, the chapter mentioned the cleaner production assessment in dairy production industries including water, effluents and energy. Finally, chapter II mentioned whey processing and utilization in dairy industries. Typical components of whey were mentioned for best utilization of whey. Examples of utilization of whey and whey products were also mentioned according to previous studies. At the end, different whey processing was mentioned for best recovery of whey and its components.
3. Chapter III (Materials and methods):
This chapter covered the methodology of the study which divided to theoretical part and practical part. Theoretical part contains data collection; data analysis; data simulation; design the suitable questionnaires to make effective inventory around the milk factories inside the Egyptian industrial cities and zones. Practical part introduces modeling and simulation process to reach a small-scale treatment plant for whey product. Two dairy factories were selected for the study, first was Domty dairy company and second was Eissa dairy company. Checklist method was applied for both selected dairy companies. Also, a study program was carried out for the selected dairy companies which includes wastewater analysis, solid wastes analysis and air emissions analysis. Finally, proposed cleaner production alternatives and techniques were applied.
4. Chapter IV (Results):
This chapter mentioned the obtained results and data. An international whey treatment unit was mentioned which produce whey powder and consists of three evaporators. The proposed whey treatment unit was carried out through a modification in the international treatment unit which consists of collection tank for whey, evaporator (one or more) and filter and drier. A design of Aspen HYSCS case was carried out. The feed is assumed to be 100 kg/hr of saturated liquid at 1 atm containing 5% lactose by mass. It is desired to increase the lactose concentration to 95% by mass using multiple effect evaporation. A temperature driving force of 30ºC was assumed for each evaporator and the pressure was calculated accordingly. It is expected that as the number of evaporation effects increases, the fixed cost increases while the operating cost decreases as the vapor produced from one effect is used for heating the solution in the next effect. To determine the optimum number of evaporators, process simulation using Aspen HYSYS and an economic study were carried out. Obtained results showed that, as the number of effects increases, the amount of steam required decreases thus the process operating cost decreases. However, to accurately obtain the optimum number of effects a more detailed economic study should be made to account for the fixed cost of the evaporators. An economical comparison was carried out among the five cases (five effects).
5. Chapter V (Discussion):
The economic study approved the optimum number of effect to be ( 3 effects ) to comply with the international unit with our assumed input quantity/temperature and pressure .
This chapter showed also a full description for the small-scale treatment plant (mobile unit) of whey treatment.
6. Chapter VI (Conclusions and recommendations):
from obtained results in the present study, it may be concluded that production of whey in powder form may be recommended for maximization of whey utilization and for mitigating environmental impacts if sufficient amounts of whey are available. On the other hand, whey utilization in Egypt can be done via cooperative collection of whey due to low tonnage of individual plants. The proposed whey treatment mobile unit is the solution we present to solve the dairy industry environmental problems.
It was suggested moving towards ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS when carrying future planning for industrial cities to be capable of setting treatment facilities for each industry branch; e.g. pharmaceutical, cement or food industry.
Also, it was suggested that, each dairy industrial zone to possess a mobile treatment unit for whey to be used by all dairy factories located there; for two reasons: first, the treatment unit for whey is expensive, second, the production of whey as a byproduct is not a continuous process.