الفهرس 
Molecular studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii and M. nodiflorum belong to family
Aizoaceae and were collected from Petrified Forest Protected Area,
Egypt. The present study was carried out on the two species to study
the genetic variation of four Mesembryanthemum accessions and
studying biological activities of their water and ethanolic extracts.
The obtained results were summarized as follow:
Molecular study
Four accessions of Mesembryanthemum were investigated using two
molecular markers RAPD and ISSR.
RAPD analysis:
A Total of 72 reproducible bands were obtained from 8
random decamer primers with different Mesembryanthemum
accessions. All of them were polymorphic.
Percentage of total polymorphism was found to be 100%.
The average number of bands per primer was 9.
Primer OPC-06 recorded the highest PIC value (0.43) and
primer OPO-12 revealed the lowest PIC value (0.37).
The maximum RP was 9.5 which observed with primer OPA-
02 and OPO-09 and the lowest RP value 3 was produced by
primer OPO-12.
Cluster analysis was performed based on genetic distance by
applying unweighted pair group method with arithmetic
average (UPGAMA) using two softwares NTSYS and Past 3.
The dendrogram obtained from NTSYS split the accessions in
two clusters. The first cluster consisted of M. forsskaolii with
yellow color and M. nodiflorum. The second cluster included
M. forsskaolii with green color and M. forsskaolii with red
color. The Past3 software generated two clusters. The first cluster
included two groups, the first group contained M. forsskaolii
(red) and the second group enclosed M. forsskaolii (green)
and M. nodiflorum. The second cluster included M. forsskaolii
(yellow).
ISSR analysis:
A total of 73 marker fragments were generated from 12 ISSR
primers. 70 bands were polymorphic with an average 5.38
product per primer and 3 bands were monomorphic.
Primer 844B produced the maximum PIC value (0.47) and
primer HB15 generated the least PIC value (0.32).
The resolving power (RP) value ranged from 1 to 9 generated
by primers 814 and HB8 respectively.
The dendrogram obtained from NTSYS and Past 3 softwares
clustered the accessions in two clusters. The first cluster
consisted of M. forsskaolii (yellow) and M. nodiflorum while
the second cluster included M. forsskaolii (green) and M.
forsskaolii (red).
Potential of plant regeneration:
Several explants were used in this study such as fresh seeds,
dry seeds, buds and leaves.
Fresh seeds gave the highest shoot length 3.45 and 4.05 of
plantlets of M. forsskaolii and M. nodiflorum respectively.
Leaves failed to produce shoot in both species.
The different concentrations of 2,4-D and NAA were used to
induce callus from explants.
Leaves explants only were able to induce callus.
Medium contained 1mg/l 2,4-D and 2mg/l NAA) gave the
best response of callus formation.Phytochemical screening:
The present analysis performed the extraction of M.
forsskaolii and M. nodiflorum (wild and callus) using ethanol
and hot distilled water.
This study has explored various phytochemical compositions;
the results showed that the wild plant and callus extracts
contained similar compounds.
M. forsskaolii extracts contained flavonoids, unsaturated
sterols, steroids and alkaloids.
M. nodiflorum contained unsaturated sterols, triterpenes,
steroids, alkaloids and glycosides.
Potential of biological activities:
Cytological studies (in vivo):
There was a significant depression in the mitotic index
percentage (MI) of Allium cepa L. root tips after treatment
with water extract of wild and callus from M. forsskaolii and
M. nodiflorum.
Prophase stage recorded the highest percentage after
treatment with water extracts of wild and callus from M.
forsskaolii and M. nodiflorum.
The increase of the percentage of total abnormalities was
significant after all treatments.
There were three types of chromosomal aberrations; common
type of abnormalities observed during the study was
stickiness while, the other types were irregular prophase and
spindle disturbance.
Cytotoxic activity (in vitro):
The cytotoxic activity of the water and ethanol extracts of
wild and callus from M. forsskaolii and M. nodiflorum against
HELA and MCF-7 cell lines was assessed by MTT assay. The results proved that the growth of the cell lines was
inhibited in dose dependent.
The ethanol extract showed a moderate cytotoxic potential
activity against the two cell lines.
The wild plants were more active than callus.