الفهرس 
Nature of malathion
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Abstract
healthy adult male albino rats were studied along the period of three weeks, and divided into five groups: 2 control groups (the 1st treated with 1 ml olive oil and the 2nd treated with 40 mg/kg/day of TQ) and Malathion-treated group that in which, the rats exposed to malathion as a spray (570 mg/kg), daily for 1hr. in a closed designed room ”to simulate pesticide spraying in fields by farmers”, for a period of 3 weeks. Also there are two thymoquinone dose groups: the first one exposed to malathion spray after treated with TQ ”20 mg/kg/day” while the second group was treated with TQ ”40 mg/kg/day” then exposed to malathion spray. At the end of experimental period, rats were anaesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected from the animals and divided into two portions, the first one stored in clean containers with anticoagulant ETDA, Blood parameters were studies such as RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs, PLT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. The second portion was collected into sterile tubes and allowed to clot at room temperature then centrifuging to separate the serum for the following assays: ALT, AST, ALP, Urea and creatinine levels, the data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS. Moreover tissue specimens from liver, kidney, testis and thyroid gland were collected and processed for histopathological examination. 6.1. Hematology and Biochemical results: In general, there were significant decrease (p< 0.05) in RBCs count, Hb, PCV, MCH, and MCHC accompanied with significant increase (p<0.05) in MCV and WBCs in malathion group when compared with control group. Meanwhile, there was significant increase in RBCs count, Hb, PCV, MCH and MCHC associated with significant decrease (p<0.05) in MCV and WBCs in malathion plus thymoquinone groups when compared with malathion group. The biochemical parameters showed significant (p<0.05) increase in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and urea in malathion group when compared with control group. While there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and urea in malathion plus thymoquinone groups when compared with malathion group. 6.2. Microscopical findings: 6.2.1. Liver: Rats treated with malathion showed many severe histopathological alterations. Administration of malathion for 3 weeks resulted in the damage of liver structure along with disarrangement of hepatic strands. Several cells also show histological features of necrosis. Moreover, an enlargement of the sinusoids and vacuole formations in hepatocytes, leucocytic infiltrations, dilation, and congestion of blood vessels with hemorrhage were noted in liver of rats exposed to malathion. Thymoquinone treatment brought back the cellular arrangement around the central vein and reduced necrosis. Also, it helped to bring the blood vessels to normal condition. Mild to moderate enlargement in the sinusoids, vacuole formations in hepatocytes, leucocytic infiltrations, dilation and congestion of blood vessels with hemorrhage were observed in rats treated with malathion plus thymoquinone compared with malathion treated rats and control rats. 6.2.2. Kidney: In light microscopic examinations, histopathological changes were observed in the kidneys of malathion-treated group when compared with control group. After 3 weeks of Malathion exposure, mononuclear cell infiltration, break away from basal membrane, glomerular atrophy were observed in the kidney tissues. Also, there were pronounced changes in the structure of renal corpuscle including swelling appearances, increasing of urinary spaces and highly degeneration of glomeruli. Meanwhile thymoquinone treatment reversed abnormal histology of renal cortex areas induced by malathion intoxication. Renal corpuscles in this group were appeared more as normal and the most changes were noted in the structure of some glomeruli. Additionally, no detectable histological differences are observed between control rats and rats supplemented with only thymoquinone. 6.2.3. Testis: The exposure of Malathion on adult male rats resulted in testicular damage that characterized by moderate to severe seminiferous tubule degeneration as sloughing, atrophy, germ cell degeneration and by partial arrest of spermatogenesis. Moreover increasing the abnormal sperm numbers. Also the oxidative stress that induced by Malathion damages the biological membranes in the testes which may cause the degeneration of the spermatogenic and Leydig cells, which disrupts spermatogenesis and reduces sperm counts. The sperm themselves may also be damaged by the oxidative effects of Malathion which affect the activities of mitochondrial enyzmes and the structure of the microtubulus in the sperm. This led to reduce their motility. While, after cotreatment of rats with TQ and malathion, The testes showed mild congestion and moderate degree of testicular degeneration. 6.2.4. Thyroid gland: These thesis indicated that immense care is warranted in the use of malathion because it isn’t only affect the liver, kidney and other organs but also may alter the activity of the endocrine glands, where the thyroid gland of Malathion-treated group showed follicular degeneration. Also atrophy of some follicles were noticed in some animals, while co-administration of (malathion plus thymoquinone) revealed in reducing this problems. Whereas the thyroid gland of this group showed normal acini filled with secretory colloid.