الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background and aim of the work: Tongue in birds has a significant role in the feeding mechanism as it greatly differs in its shape and size to help in obtaining, manipulating, swallowing and processing food. However, many details about the structure of the tongue and its reflection to feeding habits in some species are still missing. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the morphological and the structural appearance of the dorsal lingual surface in six Egyptian birds that differ in the feeding habits.Collected species: We obtained 4 mature specimens (2 males and 2 females) from six different Egyptian birds that differ in the diet and habitats and in a good health. Three species are carnivorous which are the common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus and the black winged kite, Elanus caeruleus, that obtained from Abou-Rawash area , El-Giza Governorate, and the little owl, Athene noctua, that obtained from Zefta city, El-Gharbia Governorate. Two species are omnivores which are the hooded crow, Corvus cornix, that obtained from Mit-Ghamr city, El-Sharqia Governorate and the domestic goose, Anser anser, that obtained from the local market in Tanta, El-Gharbia Governorate. The last species is insectivorous, which is the hoopoe, Upupa epops, that obtained from Zefta city, El-Gharbia Governorate. Ethical adherent: The experiment adhered to the guidelines of the ethical committee of Tanta University. Experimental design: Tongues from all the collected species were immediately removed and prepared for the morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopic observations. A. For the morphological examination DSLR camera was used to get photographs of the tongues (Nikon d610). B. for scanning electron microscopic examination (SEM) The tongues were fixed in modified Karnovsky solution overnight at 4°C (2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutraldehyde containing 0.1 M phosphate-buffered solution, pH 7.4). After rinsing in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), the samples were post-fixed in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.4) of 1% osmium tetroxide at 4°C for 2 hours. The specimens were then washed in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution for several times before treating with 3N hydrochloric acid for 20 min at 60°C to remove extra cellular mucus from the lingual surface.