الفهرس 
Acknowledgements
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Abstract
A total number of 200 camels from Aswan governorate were used in this study, in order to investigate some clinical and epidemiological parameters of Trypanosoma evansi infection between camels. All camels under study were subjected to full clinical examination, and blood samples were collected from them to ascertain the clinical diagnosis by different laboratory tests. from each camel 10 ml of blood were aseptically collected through vein puncture, and the collected 10 ml were transferred to 2 different vacutainer tubes (one with EDTA anticoagulant, and the other tube without any anticoagulant). The plain blood samples were used for obtaining serum samples for serological diagnosis, while the whole blood sample were used for parasitological and molecular diagnosis.
Also, the 200 camels in this study were grouped into 3 groups according to their ages, group 1 (1-3 years), group 2 (>3-7 years) and group 3 (>7 years).
The results of clinical laboratory tests, and also the comparisons between the results of different laboratory techniques were fully discussed and summarized as the following: -
- By the clinical examination, it was found that 56 camels were have clinical signs suggesting its infection by Trypanosoma evansi such as, loss of body condition, emaciation, debilitation of hump, oedema in the lower parts of the body and in the scrotum and testicles, elevation of body temperature, yawning, dullness and recumbancy, and loss of appetite.
- While by the parasitological method of diagnosis (Giemsa stained thin blood film) it was found that the prevalence rate of Trypanosoma evansi infection in studied camels was 4.5 % (9 out of 200), although the prevalence rate between clinically suspected cases was 16.3 % (9 out of 56).
- By Direct ELISA the prevalence rate between the clinically suspected cases was 26.8 % (15 out of 56), while the overall prevalence rate between the apparently healthy camels 16.3 % (15 out of 92).
- The molecular diagnosis by PCR technique revealed that the prevalence rate between the clinically suspected camels was 60.7 % (34 out of 56), while prevalence rate between the apparently healthycamels 45.5 % (20 out of 44) with an overall prevalence rate 54 % (54 out of 100).
- Concerning the prevalence rate of infection and the age groups it was found that; the prevalence rate by using the stained thin blood film was the same (7.1 %) in the age group 1 (1-3 years) and the age group 2 (>3-7 years); the prevalence rate by using ELISA, the infection was found to be more prevalent in the age group 1 (1-3 years) 29.4 %, while in the age group 2 (>3-7 years) was 19.6 % and lower prevalence rate was noticed in the age group 3 (>7 years) 3.4 %.By using the PCR, the highest prevalence rate was in the age group 2 (>3-7 years) 59.2 % followed by the age group 3 (>7 years) 51.6 % and lastly the age group 1 (1-3 years) 45 %.
- The comparative study between the different laboratory tests used in this study showing that the PCR was the most sensitive and accurate technique, and the agreement rate between the PCR and stained thin blood film was 55 %, while between the PCR and Direct ELISA was 61 %, and between Direct ELISA and the stained thin blood film was 93.5 %.